tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70854260771488036992024-02-18T21:13:25.852-08:00All About HistoryDr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.comBlogger26125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-15653889874629777702018-06-22T23:56:00.002-07:002018-06-22T23:56:58.984-07:00Owen Lynch' Spanish Colonial Sovereignty over the Islands: Legal Origins and Justification:<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">An article review: Owen Lynch in his “Spanish
Colonial Sovereignty Over the Philippine Islands: Legal Origins and
Justifications” and its understanding of Philippine History.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Understanding Phiilppine colonial history,
in this article of Owen J. Lynch should originate from explanation of the
political legitimacy of the colonial power. Were these colonial powers, in
particular Spain and the United States had the legal right to impose their
sovereignty on the Philippines? This issue is very relevant especially when one
deals with the Muslim contention that they were “never” colonized by Spain and
therefore, the cession of Mindanao and Sulu to the Americans in the Treaty of
Paris was invalid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dr.Owen
Lynch, an environmental and human rights law specialist, earned earned his
Master of Laws and Doctor of Laws with honors from Yale University in 1985 and
1992 (based on his google profile). He had conducted research and advocated for
environmental justice and sustainable development. One could infer from his
background his interest to defend the rights of the third world countries. This
article on Spanish colonial sovereignty was well-researched and used
substantial primary sources.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
issue focused by this article was on whether the Spaniards’ control of the
Philippine islands was legal and legitimate? Dr. .Owen contextualized his
claims, <u>first</u> by narrating the conditions prevailing before Spanish
explorations to the New World, notably that by Christopher Columbus when there
was an ostensible threat to Spanish claims on the “discovered territories” in
the Americas. The rivalry between Portugal and Spain was apparent over rights
of ownership, and by extension, the wealth of the New World that was the
driving force behind their avid desire to gain the favour of the Pope of that
time, Alexander VI. We must remember that both Portugal and Spain are Catholics
and since there was yet no clear international law regarding rights over
“discovered” territories during this Age of Exploration, Pope’s mediation
offered some kind of remedy. Owen then proceeded to <u>second</u>, mention the
Papal Bulls issued by Pope Alexander and how these were revised over time to
accommodate both Spain and Portugal’s reaction. What we had always learned in
class was that Alexander VI’s bull of Inter Caetera of July 1493 or Treaty of
Tordesillas divided the world into two, in order for both Spain and Portugal
avoid potential conflict in their territorial claims. But even this treaty
proved to be contentious later on. But what makes the Papal mediation
significant according to Owen, was the inclusion of missionary duties of both
Spain and Portugal to convert the natives that they “discovered” or conquered
to Christianity. We would come to know this later on as the P<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">atronato Real, </i>where the sovereign
monarch had the obligation to support the missionaries the Pope sends to these
new territories. Hence, the phrase “ the cross follows the sword”, i.e. the
expansion not only of Spanish and Portuguese sovereignty carries with it the
expansion of Christianity as well. Owen, would then attribute this religious
injunction to the conflict between ecclesiastical and civil authorities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nonetheless, Spain under its monarchs until
King Philip II viewed the religious presence with a temporary expediency.
Obviously, they needed the Pope’s blessings to legitimize their claims over the
territories they would be “discover”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Real
conflicts over property rights will manifest in the Philippines where Spain was
able to finally impose its sovereignty over. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">encomienda</i> awarded to Spain’s loyal soldiers and civil servants was
not really a right of ownership but a mere right to collect tribute from the
natives. Such tribute was expressedly intended for the well-being of the
natives, including their right for religious education from the missionaries.
Thus, the complaints of the friars about encomenderos’ corruption that led to
its final abolition by 1700s. Owen, at this point,cited Phelan and other
secondary sources about the friars taking over much of the lands, by way of the
hacienda system- lands accumulated through donations by the native elites as
well as by royal grants.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">While,
the Philippine islands may have been not fully pacified, as evidenced by the
scant tributes collected proportionate to the areas claimed as Spanish
territories, Owen asserted that it has always been the rule that consent of the
ruled is needed in order to legitimize one’s claim of power over them. The Synod
of 1582 emphasized that Spain had no legal right to dispossess the natives’
properties including land, even for the purpose of tribute collection, unless
they interfered with the missionary activities. Because of this, the consent of
the natives to be under Spanish sovereignty (and thus, pay the tribute) should first
be secured. Eventually, complaints that though Spain was a legal sovereign over
the entire Philippines, yet only a few were paying tributes. Thus, the need to
forcibly bring the islands to subjection, or else Spanish power will be a mere
farce. By 1700s Spanish oppression would elicit rebellions, though sporadic,
around the archipelago. As for Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan, including the
Mountain Province in Luzon, indigenous peoples here and the Moros continued to
resist the Spaniards.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When
the Americans came and subdue the islands, it was just assumed that the entire
Philippines was theirs by right. This claim was legitimized by the Treaty of
Paris, where the United States agreed to pay Spain $20M, in recognition of the Spanish
“improvements” during her rule of 333 years. This annexation would have large
implications to the American pacification of Mindanao and Sulu which was bloody
and chaotic. At this instance, Owen, although mentioned that the Sultanate of
Sulu was recognized to be de facto sovereign, the Bates Treaty and its
abrogation was hardly mentioned. Probably, he thought that this is not covered
by his article which he only limited to Spanish sovereignty.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In
conclusion, this article of Owen, brings to light important issues regarding
Spanish claim for legitimacy on the Philippine Islands, particularly whether it
is right for an invader to control a group of people, bring them to subjection
and convert them without their consent. The Synod of 1582 advanced the
importance of consent by the subject people before they can fully colonized.
This is a primordial right of persons is recognized by the church. The author’s
use of primary sources to support his claim; secondary sources to help contextualise
his arguments, and the logical flow of his narrative makes this article a good
material for Readings in Phiippine History class. His credibility is supported
by his academic and legal background as well as his advocacy for the property
rights as can be gleaned on his involvement in environmental justice and
sustainable development. </span></div>
</div>
Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-24979430688041285662018-06-22T23:52:00.000-07:002018-06-22T23:52:16.305-07:00The Political Dimension of Agrarian Reform<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
POLITICAL DIMENSION OF THE AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE PHILIPPINES</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">INTRODUCTION:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Agrarian
Reform means redistribution of lands, regardless of crops or fruits
produced, to farmers and regular farm workers who are
landless, irrespective of tenurial arrangement, to include the
totality of factors and support services designed to lift the economic
status of the beneficiaries and all other arrangements alternative to the
physical redistribution of lands, such as production or profit-sharing,
labor administration, and the distribution of shares of stocks, which will
allow beneficiaries to receive a just share of the fruits of the lands
they work.” (RA6657 Chapter II Section 7)This definition of the Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Law actually was th culmination of the quest for a real land
reform that the country aspired for from pre-colonial period up to the present.
What makes this law significant for the people of Mindanao was its provision
for ancestral land; something that the framers of the Constitution beginning
Malolos Constitution up to the Constitution of 1973 had omitted</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the Philippines, land
distribution was a factor in governance from pre-colonial to the present. When
the Spaniards came, a more systematic process was made to wean the pre-colonial
Filipinos from their property rights where slavery was the mode of production.
This means that wealth was measured in terms of how many slaves one possessed.
Spaniards with their <i>Regalian</i> doctrine where the right of the monarch of their
possessions including lands was absolute introduced the <i>encomienda</i> system which
gave the right of the King to establish encomiendas to be awarded to their
loyal subject. (Please see Jane Calkins Foster, “The Encomienda System in the
Philippine Islands : 1571-1597” Loyola University Chicago. A Masters Thesis,
1956 p. 183p Note: Most of the sources she used were primary sources).While
such right was limited to collect tributes from the natives on delimited
territories this was later evolved as a form of land ownership institutionalized
through the hacienda system. Haciendas were vast tracts of land cultivated for
cash crops that were privately owned by <i>hacienderos</i>. They could be the<i>
principalia </i>(native/mestizo elites) or religious orders who were awarded by
Spain for their meritorious deeds through patronato real or were voluntary<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>donations by the principalia themselves.
(ibid. also see Phelan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Hispanization
of the Philippines</i>, Corpus, O.D., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roots
of the Filipino Nation</i>, vol.1) Inequality, thus, was traced to this colonial
legacy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The American period systematized
land ownership through the passage of a series of Land laws during the Taft
administration (Reports of the Philippine Commission, 1901; The Philippine
Gazette, Also see Renato Constantino, A Past Revisited 1975, Agoncillo and
Guerrero, A History of the Filipino People). These laws became the bases of
modern day land ownership in the Philippines. However, these proved to be contentious, particularly regarding public versus private lands. It was
deemed that lands that were not properly titled<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>through the Torrens title system were considered public lands and are
therefore disposable and alienable by the government. These lands were largely
located in the virgin, uncultivated lands of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan.
Resettlements to these public lands by settlers from Luzon and Visayas resulted</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">resulted
to land dispossessions of the natives of Mindanao-the Moros and the indigenous
people. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The government resettlement programs
to Mindanao was initiated by the Americans through the Department of Mindanao
and Sulu. It answered the clamor develop the island as an agrarian resource for
production of rice and corn as well as the business interests of the United
States for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gutta percha</i> (or rubber)
for their car manufacturing in the U.S. Mindanao also was rich in mineral
(copper and gold mines) and timber resources. The homestead program that opened
five resettlements in North Cotabato, known as agricultural colonies, paved the
way for the landless Filipinos from Luzon and Visayas (see Pelzer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Settlements in Southeast Asia;</i> also
Peter Gowing, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mandate on the Moroland</i>)
to become owner-cultivators, as envisioned by the program. This program was
considerably expensive for the government because the allocation for support of
these settlers was huge (for their transportation, living allowances as well as
loans to support their agrarian venture). Thus, the support was terminated
after six years of implementation ( see Pelzer, Ulindang). However, Manuel
Quezon, the president of the Philippine Commonwealth saw the political
importance of resettling restive farmers and laborers from Luzon to Mindanao,
thereby dubbed it as a “land of promise”. The NLSA or National Land Settlement
Authority, as Quezon saw it, was also an opportunity to further legitimize
Filipino presence into this far-flung territory of the Philippines. Furthermore,
the growing Japanese ghetto in Davao had to be arrested due to Japanese
expansionism during that time (Rico Jose, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Japanese
Military History in the Philippines</i>). Thus, there was an exodus of Filipino
settlers from Ilocos and Iloilo to southern Cotabato along the Allah and
Koronadal Valleys. (see Ulindang, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Resettling
the Huks</i>.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These resettlement programs ( to
which were added the Land Settlement Development Corporation, Economic
Development Corps and National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Agency) would be
a bone of contention for the newly declared independent Republic after World
War II, as they ostensibly caused distress and marginalization to both the
Muslims and Indigenous peoples of Mindanao. The homesteading program of the
government they believe was prejudicial to their interests and further
dispossessed them from their ancestral domains.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agrarian Reform of the Philippine
government through resettlement that was supposed to address the issues of
landlessness apparently was apparently inadequate. Diosdado Macapagal issued Agrarian
Land Reform Code of the Philippines for the first time, in 1963 that aims to :</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TO ORDAIN
THE AGRICULTURAL LAND REFORM CODE AND TO INSTITUTE LAND REFORMS IN THE
PHILIPPINES, INCLUDING THE ABOLITION OF TENANCY AND THE CHANNELING OF CAPITAL
INTO INDUSTRY, PROVIDE FOR THE NECESSARY IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES, APPROPRIATE
FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES<b>”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thus, followed the government intervention to address the growing
inequality in the country. Ferdinand Marcos had his own land reform program and
finally, Corazon Aquino through the Constitution of 1987 also instituted land
reform program, Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program(CARP) in the country..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Constitution of 1987 provided
for a recognition of the rights of the indigenous peoples of their ancestral
land as embodied in the IPRA law (citation). One could infer that peace and
order problems in Mindanao could be traced to land problems and that beginning
the promulgation of Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 or Republic Act 6657
was an attempt to find solutions to inequality in the Philippines.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Currently, the Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL)
which aimed to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>address property and
territorial rights of the Bangsamoro for equality; and to redress historical
injustice is undergoing the proper legislative procedures towards its approval
and implementation. As provided in this BBL, land ownership rights as already
defined and implemented through the CARL will still be recognized, prior to its
implementation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BY: FAINA C. ABAYA-ULINDANG</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-75577310395694410172018-06-22T23:32:00.001-07:002018-06-22T23:33:35.250-07:00Louis Gottchalk on Understanding History<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Second Day Output #3 (by Mam Faina) 4 June 2018 on</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Louis Gottchalk</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Understanding
History</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> chapt 3 and
4</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.15pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">TOPIC AND SUBTOPIC</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.15pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ARGUMENTS</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.9pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">MAIN THESIS-as successfully established</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.05pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt;">3 ASSESSMENT TASKS</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">3 SCORING
TOOLS</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.15pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Meaning of history</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.15pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">“Accounts
of phenomena(esp human affairs)that arein chronological order</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">”</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.9pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">History
as the study of mankind from past to present</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="10" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.05pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt;">1.Creative
group discussion on an important source/eyewitnesses report such as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pigafetta’s report on the First Mass of the</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt;">Philippines</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt;">2.Product-Output
presentation-give a research assignment where they will interview a survivor
of the second world war to describe their experiences-who they lived (food,
clothing and shelter) and present in class in the form of a video clip. This
product would serve as a primary source</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt;">3.Special
Report or a seminar inviting a practicing historian/writer on his research
and writing experience</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="8" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1.Graded</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Recitation</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">2.Checklist
e.g</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Rules
in determining reliability</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3.Examination
on what are primary and secondary courses</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.15pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b>“Objectivity” and “subjectivity</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.15pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">To be
objective is to be impartial. Historians somehow could be subjective</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.9pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">It is
impossible to capture History in its entirety so it is largely interpretive
which is subjective.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.15pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Imagination in Historiography</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.15pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
In present history as continuous
narrative one need to use imagination</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.9pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The
inevitable gaps in data collecting make it necessary for historians to use
logical and credible insertions to fill in these gaps</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.15pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Artifacts as </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>sources of history</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.15pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Physical
mute sources such as currencies, monuments, need to be mediated with
historical interpretations</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.9pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">By
giving context to artifacts, the historian makes these alive and relevant to
his audience or readers</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.15pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Historical method and historiography defined</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.15pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">There
should be set of rules to be followed to determine credibility or reliability
of sources used</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.9pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Historiography
has evolved as a discipline from the Humanities to the Social sciences in its
use of the scientific method i.e. evidence-based</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.15pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>The Document as primary source</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.15pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Historians
should use original documents since these are the most reliable source </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.9pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Written
eyewitnesses accounts are primary sources;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>while secondary sources<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are not
as reliable as primary sources</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.15pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Test of authenticity</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.15pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The use
of external and external criticisms determine the authenticity of a source</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.9pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Writing
history should aspire to approximate the truth through the use of reliable
sources</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.15pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>What is a Historical fact?</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.15pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Determination
of factuality should pass four tests re-truthfulness,willingness to tell the
truth, ability to tell it and independent corroboration</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Writing
of history should aspire to approximate the truth</span></div>
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corroboration adds to the credibility of a source</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Writing
of history should aspire to approximate the truth</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Certitude versus certainty</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Writing
of history should aspire to</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> approximate
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Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-51005975762441299872013-09-18T03:28:00.000-07:002014-04-26T21:31:56.923-07:00migrants of Mindanao-their past and present perils, debacles and recoveries<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">MIGRANTS OF MINDANAO-THEIR PAST AND PRESENT
PERILS ,DEBACLES AND RECOVERY</b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">By FAINA C. ABAYA-ULINDANG,Ph.D</b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY-MARAWI</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ABSTRACT</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This paper
explores into the lives of second generation Mindanaoan settlers, particularly
those whose parents were supported by government resettlement projects during
the Commonwealth and Magsaysay administrations in the Cotabato provinces and Kapatagan,
Lanao del Sur. Sporadic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>interviews also
from the migrants themselves as well as written both primary and secondary
sources are the main bases for this study .</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Three periods are specifically
identified-perils(the pioneering period),debacles(challenges and reactions to
their settlement) and recovery (prospects of sustainable future for these migrants).
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PERILS </b>would refer to the period of the
American agricultural colonies,the National Land Settlement period during the
Commonwealth and the EDCOR Era of Magsaysay; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DEBACLES </b>would refer to the period of Martial Law era when focus of
the Marcos Administration was given to the secessionist insurgencies of
Mindanao affecting the migrants; including the recent 2008 MOA-AD debacle when
their lives and properties were destroyed due to internecine wars between the
rebels and the government; and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>finally,
the period of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">RECOVERY</b> during the present period when peacebuilding measures
between the government and the rebels spell hope for the rehabilitation and
recovery for the victims of these internecine wars, particularly the migrants.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Finally,
drawing from the three periods offered as the historical overview of migration
and resettlement of Mindanao, this paper concludes with the hope that it may
help to fill in a gap in the tri-people history writing of Mindanao ,i.e Moro,
Lumad and Christian settlers that has decidedly relegated the story of the
latter as no more than a work-in-progress that is yet to be written.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /></div>
Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-82405055126328225542013-04-30T15:44:00.001-07:002014-04-26T21:33:15.847-07:00Economic Growth Sans Development<div id="wrapper" style="border: 1px solid #FFFFFF; margin-top: 0px;">
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<i><span style="font-size: small;">Insightful on why we can never achieve the `first world' status we desire.</span> </i></h1>
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Econ growth sans development</h1>
<h4>
What’s wrong with PH strategy?</h4>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null">By</a> <a href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/byline/sixto-k-roxas" rel="tag">Sixto K. Roxas</a><br />
<a href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/source/philippine-daily-inquirer" rel="tag">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a><br />
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<span class="postDate">8:26 pm | Saturday, February 23rd, 2013 </span>
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<a class="fancybox" href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/files/2013/02/24TALK_Rally.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-47507 " src="http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/opinion.inquirer.net/files/2013/02/600x417x24TALK_Rally.jpg.pagespeed.ic._1L_3KvCRO.jpg" height="417" title="24TALK_Rally" width="600" /></a><br />
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FARMERS
march on Bacolod City to demand the implementation and completion of
the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program. RAFFY LERMA</div>
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Those who are seeking genuine answers would do well to read a
couple of books written by the late woman economist from MIT
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Alice H. Amsden.
<br />
Start with the one with the title that should interest us: “The
Rise of ‘the Rest’: Challenges to the West from Late-Industrializing
Economies” published in 2001. (Unfortunately she is tough reading for
those unfamiliar with the economist’s technical jargon.)
<br />
The subject is interesting for us for three reasons.
<br />
It studies how certain countries in Asia and Latin America that
were among the underdeveloped countries after World War II achieved
rapid industrialization within the first three post-war decades. Since
they were not among the countries that industrialized in the 18th and
19th centuries, she referred to them as “the rest.”
<br />
“The rest” were also described as “late-industrializing
economies” because they had to “catch up” largely using technologies
developed by the early industrializers. To quote her: “After World War
II, a handful of countries outside the North Atlantic—‘the rest’—rose to
the ranks of world-class competitors in a wide range of mid-technology
industries. National incomes soared at unprecedented rates and per
capita incomes doubled within decades.”
<br />
And significantly: “In 1965 ‘the rest’ supplied less than
one-twentieth of world manufacturing output. By 1995, it supplied nearly
one-fifth…. For the first time in history, backward countries
industrialized without proprietary innovations.
<br />
They caught up in industries requiring large amounts of
technological capabilities without initially having advanced
technological capabilities of their own. Late industrialization was a
case of pure learning, meaning a total initial dependence on other
countries’ commercialized technology to establish modern industries.”
(Italics in the original.)
<br />
<div class="wp-caption alignleft" id="attachment_47509" style="width: 310px;">
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<div class="wp-caption-text">
CALL center agents in Manila . ROMY HOMILLADA</div>
</div>
It is interesting for us because the countries in Asia she
includes among “the rest” are “China, India, Indonesia, South Korea,
Malaysia, Taiwan and Thailand.” Interesting for us because the
Philippines is not on the list.
<br />
If we understand why we are excluded, we might understand what has been wrong with our economic strategy.
<br />
Amsden views industrialization as a process in which the
principal asset of a nation’s production system shifts from primary or
natural resources, like land for agriculture, pasture, forestry or
mining, to “knowledge-based assets,” like mechanical or chemical plant
for processing materials into intermediate or final product.
<br />
<b>Speedy transition</b>
<br />
What differentiated “the rest” from “the remainder” was their
ability to make this transition more readily and speedily. That ability
depended on two historical factors: “the type of manufacturing
experience a country had acquired in the early stage of this transition;
and … how equally resources were divided within the primary sector.”
<br />
Even more interesting: Of these two factors she cites as
significant preconditions for the notable performance of “the others,”
the manufacturing experience in the Philippines was certainly at least
as deep as that in Taiwan and South Korea, and certainly much deeper
than that in Thailand and Indonesia.
<br />
An active government promotion of industrial development? The
Philippines had a development planning agency ahead of all these
countries. The National Economic Council was created by Commonwealth Act
No. 2 in 1936 after the National Defense Act (C.A. No. 1).
<br />
National Development Co. was established shortly after under the
Commonwealth government. It pioneered in a modern textile mill and
canning of cultured bangus before the outbreak of the Second World War.
<br />
Modern centrifugal sugar mills were established in several sugar
districts in Luzon and the Visayas. My father, Dr. Manuel Roxas, built
the teaching centrifugal mill in the College of Agriculture of the
University of the Philippines after his return from MIT in Boston and
the University of Wisconsin, turning out Filipino sugar technologists
all through the second and third decades of the 20th century.
<br />
<b>Ang Tibay</b>
<br />
Private Filipino investments in manufacturing? Certain sugar
districts were centered on Filipino-owned sugar mills. Toribio Teodoro
established the first Filipino-owned modern shoe factory, Ang Tibay, in
the 1930s.
<br />
My father launched the first Filipino-owned modern food canning
company in 1935, Rose Packing Corp., mass-producing Chinese-style (Hoc
Shiu) ham, American-style bacon, longanisa and canning Filipino dishes,
like adobo and estofado, American-style pork and beans, and for the
first time in history, canned carabao mangoes.
<br />
Institutional sources for long-term financing of industrial
assets? Amsden singles out the establishment of development finance
institutions in the countries of “the rest.”
<br />
The Philippines had such an institution ahead of the other
countries in Asia. Rehabilitation Finance Corp., established to finance
postwar reconstruction, became Development Bank of the Philippines to
finance development projects in the 1950s.
<br />
The Philippines developed its money and capital markets to a far
more advanced stage than any of these countries, including Singapore, in
the late 1960s and 1970s. Filipinos started the first investment bank
in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia.
<br />
They served as consultants to the Taiwan Ministry of Finance for
the development of money markets. The South Koreans sent more than a
dozen trainees to Bancom Development Corp. in the early 1970s for
training.
<br />
Special incentives for pioneer industries? The Industrial
Incentives Act creating the Philippine Board of Investments was passed
in the Philippines ahead of those in the other Asian countries included
among “the others.”
<br />
The Philippines failed to make the grade owing to the second
factor, “how equally resources were divided within the primary
sector”—the concentration of land ownership. By Amsden’s analysis,
based on 1960 data, the “countries with the most equal land
distributions were Korea, Taiwan and Thailand (Gini coefficient below
0.5).
<br />
<b>Equitable land distribution</b>
<br />
Postwar land reform in Japan, Korea and Taiwan created some of
the world’s most equally distributed economies (nationalizations in
Malaysia after 1960 reduced inequalities as well).
<br />
Institutional and other factors may create in a country a
situation where market incentives attract business activity and
investments in directions contrary to those required by the natural
evolution of an appropriate supply chain. This comes out in Amsden’s
analysis.
<br />
The countries in “the rest” have an equitable distribution of
land. High degree of concentration in the ownership of land skews
investments toward real estate development projects rather than
production of primary and intermediate products, and the development of
appropriate supply chains in the different regions of the country.
<br />
<b>Unsustainable urbanization</b>
<br />
This creates a powerful trend toward premature, inappropriate and unsustainable urbanization.
<br />
In the late 1970s and 1980s, a label became popular to refer to
these late-industrializing countries: NIEs for newly industrializing
economies. The Japanese social scientist, Mushakoji, coined another
term, “JapaNIES” to distinguish those that followed the Japanese
pattern of development—Taiwan and South Korea.
<br />
The strategy started with an effective agrarian reform program.
This meant a deliberate program to establish as the basis of its
agrarian economy communities sustained by a system of small,
owner-operated, commercial farms raising diversified products that
included food, feeds, dairy, poultry and fishery in farm systems marked
by intensive agriculture and husbandry.
<br />
Intensive culture of diversified crops and animals generated high
value-added products per hectare of land and raised incomes that made
farmers markets of each other’s products. They also became the markets
of intermediate and final consumer products, tools and farm equipment,
and consumer durables that the new import-substituting enterprises
manufactured.
<br />
At the same time, the flow of food products to town markets
brought food prices down, making it possible for real wages to rise
without added costs to employers.
<br />
<b>Home-based markets</b>
<br />
The generation of rural incomes created a large domestic market
so industrialization in these countries could look to home-based markets
for their primary viability, enabling firms to grow and eventually
raise their productivity to be able to compete in the export markets.
<br />
In Japan, Toyota was established looking to a demanding
home-based market for small cars. In Taiwan, the large plastics firm of
Y.C. Wang and the appliance firm of T.S. Lin were organized to cater to
the large rural market that agrarian reform created.
<br />
The Taiwanese computer industry did not grow from the spontaneous
and undirected workings of the market but from the program designed and
organized by planner K.T. Li, who located and attracted back to Taiwan,
and selected technical and entrepreneurial overseas Chinese from
Silicon Valley. He subsidized entrepreneurs to go into the heart of
computer manufacturing—the wafers of integrated circuits, and the
translation of design into circuit boards and entire devices.
<br />
It is not surprising that neither of the two planners of Japanese
reindustrialization and Taiwan’s development after World War II was an
economist. Saburo Okita, who orchestrated Japan’s recovery, was an
engineer. Taiwan’s “miracle” was planned and managed by K.T. Li, who
was a Cambridge-educated physicist.
<br />
There is a third reason why the study is significant. Amsden is
rightly described as a “heterodox development economist.” Orthodox
neoclassical analyses attribute the post-World War II “economic
miracles” to the adoption of laissez-faire policies by governments,
leaving investment decisions to free markets, and the emphasis on
production for exports and sensitivity to global competitive positions.
<br />
<b>Appropriate intervention</b>
<br />
Appropriate intervention by the government meant that political
leaders and economic managers in government had clear ideas of a right
pattern of economic development and intervention that sought to develop
production structures appropriate for the natural resource endowments
and living styles of local populations.
<br />
Intervention adjusted incentives and market prices to make the
right decisions attractive when the free market set “right prices” that
were “wrong” and when right decisions required “wrong” prices.
<br />
This aspect gives the term “development” a meaning of great
relevance, in contrast to mere “economic growth.” Development involves
the systematic construction of an appropriate economic structure, with
engineering and architectural properties appropriate for the natural
endowments of each country’s regions and their people. And an
appropriate sequence for the building of these structures. The term
that has become popular is “supply chain” or the French term filiere.
<br />
<b>Sustainable growth</b>
<br />
The six marks of an inclusionary and sustainable social, ecological and economic development and growth are the following:
<br />
<ul>
<li>The inclusionary principle: Every community, including groups of
indigenous peoples, has established on its habitat a production and
distribution system in which all involuntary poverty has been
eradicated;</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>The principle of territorial domain: Every community has established
a right, honored by history and law, to its own territorial domain
(i.e., expanding the principle of ancestral domain to all communities in
the country.);</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>A developed local economy: Reference to an interlinked structure of
natural and physical capital that supports a production and distribution
suited to the natural endowment of each community and its habitat, and
the lifestyle and values of its constituents.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Sustainable use of resources in all three domains—social, ecological and economic;</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>The principle of self-determination and subsidiarity; and</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Growth to support present and future generations.</li>
</ul>
It is worrisome when the result of a Philippine growth strategy is growth without employment.
<br />
An employment-centered policy focuses on enterprise investment.
By contrast, the conventional programs emphasize the attraction of
foreign investment and focus on the expansion of BPOs that serve foreign
economies and export-oriented production.
<br />
The programs are simply meant to raise GDP without any concern
for systematically building up the interconnected local supply-chain
structure that is the mark of a self-reliant, sustainable domestic
economy—the very same policies that have kept the Philippines from
becoming part of the developing “rest” in Asia.
<br />
<i> </i>
<br />
<i>(Sixto K. Roxas is the chair of the Maximo T. Kalaw Institute for Sustainable Development.)</i>
<br />
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Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-85482082854083799192013-01-28T04:38:00.002-08:002013-01-28T04:38:48.514-08:00RESETTLEMENT AND NATION-BUILDING<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RESETTLEMENT AND NATION-BUILDING-THE CASE OF
EDCOR MINDANAO</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BY FAINA C. ABAYA-ULINDANG,Ph.D</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mindanao State University –Marawi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Marawi City,Philippines</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[</span>Paper prepared for the
ICOPHIL9 ,Michigan State University East Lansing,Michigan. Oct.28-30,2012]</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Introduction:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Economic Development Corps(EDCOR)
settlements in Mindanao was conceived and planned to answer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the growing insurgency in post WorldWar II
Philippines. It<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was intended to counter
the `land to the landless’ slogan of the Communists that had<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>drawn landless tenants of Central Luzon to
the Hukbong Magpapalaya ng Bayan (HMB)of the Communists. This resettlement
project puts into canvas a picture of the Philippines as a volatile
predominantly agricultural<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>country <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and second, a country that is divided
politically and ideologically. As the so-called `showcase of democracy in Asia’
by the United States, the urgency of stemming the `Huk tide’ in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the country was palpably clear .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a country that suffered the ravages
of War, tenants of Central Luzon who temporarily enjoyed freedom from their
landlords ( who escaped to Manila) ,experienced solidarity with the Huks, who
promised them `lands to the tillers.’ Huk supporters have increased to 100,000
in Central Luzon alone. Their popularity was undiminished until a systematic
counter-insurgency program was developed by Ramon Magsaysay,the Quirino
Administration’s Secretary of Defense and Edward Lansdale of the Joint US-Phil.
Military Group(JUSMAG). The birth of Economic Development Corps Mindanao, in
conjunction with a revitalized military spelled doom for the Communists HMB. By
1957, the threat of Communism became a thing of the past, albeit temporarily.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Mindanao location of the EDCOR
settlements<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>would create a new meaning
in resettlement. Although historically considered as the Philippines’ frontier,
its Land of Promise, to put into it former rebels of different background
seemingly is a no-brainer, not well-thought out in terms of nation-building.
For Mindanao during the 1950’s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was
already saturated with settlers; and its natives, specially the Muslims, were
already sounding their alarm. There were the Tawan-tawan uprisings in
Kapatagan, the Kamlon uprising in Sulu and the Sandab brothers in Cotabato
which were land-related disputes. EDCOR settlers would therefore be another
prey for the already volatile situation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I pointed out in my doctoral
dissertation<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
that the EDCOR resettlement program was merely intended as counter-insurgency
propaganda, no more no less.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This paper would aim to go beyond
EDCOR’s counter-insurgency formula and, deriving from current issues on peace
process in Mindanao would examine how resettlement has historically been<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a tool for nation-building. For this purpose
I am going to re-interpret resettlement, its implications on nation-building
base on present conditions obtaining in selected areas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Mindanao, primarily former EDCOR
settlement in Kapatagan, Lanao<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(now
Sapad,Lanao del Norte)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and a NARRA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>settlement in Wao,Lanao del Sur. NARRA or
National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Administration was an offshoot of the
EDCOR experience under Ramon Magsaysay, President of the Philippine Republic
(1954-57).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RESETTLEMENT
AND COLONIZATION</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Spanish <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">`reduccion’</i> and American `agricultural colonization projects’ were
similarly aimed to transform the natives into willing and able subjects working
towards their particular colonial goals and purposes. Spanish ecclesiastical
objective of converting the native to become devout Catholics transferred the
natives into planned settlements `<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bajo</i>
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">campana’</i> or under the bells
for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>their close watch. American
homestead farms or agricultural colonies were designed like military camps
under close watch by their soldiers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In Mindanao, the Spanish<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jesuits `Tamontaka Experiment’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>resonated in the `American agricultural
colonies project’ where the goals of economic productivity was made in the
service of creating a nation of willing and able subjects/citizens<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For instance at Tamontaka, Cotabato Jesuit missionaries
developed a farm settlement where former Tiruray slaves<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>whom they manumitted from their Moro masters
were given religious instructions and training for agricultural livelihood as
well as carpentry and masonry for the men ; and for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the women,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>housekeeping, embroidery<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and
other cottage industries. Women and men lived in separate dormitories and were
expected to later marry and have families of their own. They eventually
established their own dwellings and formed clusters of communities. These communities
resembled the laid-out plans in a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reduccion</i>.
Thus a kind of a model town was what the Tamontaka experiement was expected to
yield. Support for this project was taken through the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Obras</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pias</i> and
contributions from pious citizens in Manila.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As can be
gleaned from the Reports of Jesuit missionaries in the Jesuit Letters,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
their<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>plans were carried out and were
initially successful. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moro</i> datus
became curious and were amazed at the changes made among their former slaves,
now skilful craftsmen. They would even ask them to help in building their <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">torogans</i>, or in doing some masonry. This
pleased the missionaries because in coming to their missions the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">moros</i> also became curious of their
religious practices and asked questions. Eventually some of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">moro</i> chiefs became friends with the
missionaries until one <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">datu</i> named
Ali, who had been suspicious of the missionaries took offense of an act done by
the Jesuits who built their church on a location which was supposedly a
burial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ground for Ali’s ancestors. It
caused a military intervention on the part of the Spanish government were Ali
and his men were defeated. But the damage was already done. The dormitories
were reduced into ashes, their barns looted and their livestocks and fowls
perished. The Mission was unable to restore itself after this debacle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
Tamontaka experiment (1873-97) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>initiated
by the Jesuit missionaries in Mindanao which aimed nonetheless for
proselytization suggests a method for nation-building towards a
self-sufficient,homogenous citizenry similar to the `ideal citizen’ concept of
the Americans in their agricultural colony project in Northern Cotabato. Before
the end of Spanish Rule actually Governor Blanco , already had in mind the
resettlement of Mindanao with people from Luzon and Visayas that was supposedly
to follow after the Lanao pacification campaign. This idea could have been
inspired by the Jesuit’s Tamontaka experiment as Blanco’s Lanao campaign was
almost contemporaneous to the this Jesuit’s resettlement project in Cotabato. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Moreover, while aiming at
agricultural self-sufficiency, the Americans believe in resettling farmers from
Luzon and Visayas to assume their role as model citizens of the natives in the
course of interacting with them. Conceived as part of the Filipinization policy
of Governor General Harrison to make a `<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipino
</i>out of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moro</i>’, the
agricultural colonies were created at the end of the pacification campaign of
Pershing. It is to be noted that Pershing’s pacification campaigns were
characterized by bloody massacres, such as the Bud Dajo incident, when it
imposed its disarmament policy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The agricultural colonies project in
1913 thus coincided with the creation of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu
ending the military rule in Mindanao<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RESETTLEMENT AND NATION-BUILDING</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A lesson in colonialism tells us that
a centralized bureaucracy <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>makes for a
more efficient control of the subject nation. A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>stronger Filipino nation was inadvertently created by a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>weakening Spanish power that was challenged
by American military subjugation. Through its first civil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>governor, William Howard<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Taft’s legalistic economic policies,
resettlement was enhanced, paving the way for a systematic inclusion of
Mindanao’s untapped resources into the newly colonized nation. The Treaty of
Paris of 1898, ostensibly, gave the United States every right to occupy even
Mindanao and Sulu’s Muslim territories considered not yet fully pacified by the
Spaniards. Though by 1913, these were militarily brought under American
sovereignty, civilian rule under John Carpenter, appointed by Governor
Harrison. This was the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Department of
Mindanao and Sulu which effected the first agricultural colonies in Cotabato
that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>resettled farmers from Luzon and
Visayas to Cotabato in order to solve inadequate production of rice and
corn<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>. Corollary to this mission was for
these farmers from the North<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gradually `<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipinize’</i> the natives in this far-flung Philippine territory.
Thus, a culturally homogenized agricultural state would be an asset that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>would best serve American interest in
consolidating its rule on Mindanao. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Six<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>agricultural colonies were established in Northern Cotabato<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from 1913-1919. Although considerably
successful for having increased the production of rice and corn and making
headway in initiating a harmonized inter-ethnic relations in Cotabato, the
succeeding Wood’s administration considered these inconsequential compared with
what it considered exorbitant government expenditures. The resettlement
projects, however, were revived during Quezon’s Commonwealth Regime<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>following the same objectives instituted by
the Americans. Furthermore, Quezon thought this to help ameliorate the tenants
who were already restive in Luzon. Thus, the National Land Settlement
Administration (NLSA) was born on October 22,1938 with the promulgation of the
Commonwealth Act no.441.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Compared with the
agricultural colonies of the Americans, this was a huge project<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>funded by the National Development
Corporation(NDC) . Quezon borrowed from this corporation P200,000.00 to finance
the settlement project.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>He
envisioned a Mindanao that would not only serve the government’s need for
increased revenue but also a well-integrated citizenry , peaceful and
law-abiding. Through his Social Justice program,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>landless peasants from Luzon were given lands
in famously fertile<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Allah and Koronadal
Valleys of southern Cotabato. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alongside the NLSA resettlement project was a comprehensive
development<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>plan of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tapping<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the hydro-electric resources<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of
Lanao’s Maria Cristina Falls for industrial purposes. We know of this today as
the National Power Corporation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">With the end of the Commonwealth
Period and the inauguration of the independent Philippine Republic,
resettlement as a panacea for social and economic ills, would, among others,
engender complex socio-political and economic problems. One of which was the
resettlement of the Huk rebel surrenderees from Luzon and Visayas to Mindanao. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Quirino Administrations’ LASEDECO (Land
Settlement Development Corporation), the successor of NLSA proved to be less
effective compared with the military’s Economic Development Corps or EDCOR.
Although created under his administration, the EDCOR was a military outfit
which was autonomously administered and funded by the Philippine Army. Ramon
Magsaysay together with Edward Lansdale, conceived of an integrated approach to
insurgency where weaning supporters of Communism could be successful should
their attraction to it will cease. The primary attraction which was <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the communists <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>`land to the tillers’ was transformed into
`land for the landless’; and Mindanao was pictured as that land of promise for
the surrendered Huks. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In time, this
EDCOR <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>idea proved to be successful.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">EDCOR IN MINDANAO</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Setting of the EDCOR settlements : Kapatagan, Lanao and
Buldon,Cotabato</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As the name
aptly describes it, the Kapatagan Valley is flat at the center, sloping softly
towards the south and east across the hilly Mt. Iniaon. Barrio Buriasan, where
the EDCOR farm was situated, was a vast vacant public land of 1,690 hectares
which was later expanded to 3,400 hectares in 1954. Seven hundred hectares of
this land were allotted to registered owners and the rest to registered
settlers. It was opened through Proclamation no.375and became a settlement for
484 settler-families, which included sixty-four former Huks (who remained from
the original one hundred rebel families in 1951), twenty-seven retired soldiers
and nine civilian<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>The
land was partially cleared and developed by the Army and civilian volunteers in
early 1951. Later, houses were built and roads were graded. A schoolhouse,
administration building, dispensary and medical service facilities were added
to the settlement<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> By
the time the settlement became a municipality, the total area developed was
799.4965 hectares. Named Sapad municipality later, it comprised the barangays
of Pili,Baning, Karibang, Patebon, Karkum, Taraka and Dansalan. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
settlement procedure for EDCOR farms in Kapatagan, Buldon and later, Alamada
followed almost the same pattern:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
townsites were designated to function as modern agglomerated</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>communities
in that house lots were laid side by side in clustered village</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pattern.
For instance, at (Kapatagan) the site was originally situated into</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>126
farm lots from the townsite, which had orderly rows of thatched cot-</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>tages<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and numerous Army and community facilities.
The dispersed</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>settler-houses
(were) well-constructed on wooden pilings, on palm leaf</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sides
and thatched roofs. Homelots (were) supposedly to have place for</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>vegetables,
flowers, fruits, shade trees, toilet, garbage pit, poultry project</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And pig
sty. Electricity was also provided including a radio center for outside
communication.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Buldon is a
hilly area with an elevation of 1,500 feet above sea level. Located along the
boundary of Cotabato and Lanao provinces where Simuay River cuts through, the
Buldon (also called EDCOR) farm is situated on the rolling foothills at the
base of the sharp-peaked mountains . The climate is not as hot and humid as in
Kapatagan and the area is conducive to upland crops. Alamada EDCOR has been
carved out of Libungan municipality, 18 miles north of Midsayap town proper. It
has an undulating terrain surrounded by hills and mountains. At the same time
of settlement kaingin trees abound. This was the third EDCOR settlement to be
opened in Mindanao and it received its first batch of settlers in 1956.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">EDCOR MANAGEMENT TOWARDS PRODUCTIVITY & REHABILITATION</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Within the
purview of the Spanish <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reduccion</i> and
American agricultural colonies, resettlement had always been considered as
integral to the consolidation of colonial power. Proceeding from a military
conquest, the population is made to serve the colonizers’ vested interests with
a combination of ameliorative , one of which is resettlement, and militarists,
programs . This pattern continued even after the supposed national liberation
of the conquered nation. This time it is called `internal colonialism’, i.e.
domestic elites’ vested interests, at the expense of the majority, continue to
dominate national economic policies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The newly
established post-war Philippine Republic answer to a nation fragmented by
Communist insurgency was, among others, resettlement through the EDCOR in
Mindanao.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At this
juncture I am going to attempt at answering the following questions: How was it
administered? And what was its status according to its beneficiaries? And what
were the results of its monitoring and evaluation if there were any? What
happened to the settlers?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ADMINISTRATION OF THE EDCOR.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Administratively,
EDCOR was under the direct supervision of the Civilian Affairs of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines which was in charge of the Huk surrenderees. It was
formally established on December 15,1950. Funding was provided for through the
Army Appropriations Act of 1951 intended for rebel rehabilitation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By February 22,1951, the first EDCOR project
at Kapatagan in Lanao was established. Edward Lansdale, who was with the
group,recounted:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Magsaysay, Mirasol, a detachment of troops,
surveyors and I</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>went to Mindanao and looked over
the area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lush, virgin jungle</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>several kilometres inland from
the sea, reached by an abominable </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>muddy track of a road. A few
small farms lay along this road, with rich-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>looking soil and reportedly
abundant crops...A corps of engineers who</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>executed the settlement lay-out
plan of Magsaysay and Mirasol were</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>with us<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Three EDCOR
projects were established: in Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte; in Buldon, Cotabato;
and in Isabela Province in February 1951,November 1951 and April
21,1953,respectively. Although no data are available as to the total number of
Huks who were resettled in all the areas. Alvin Scaff during his field work in
Kapatagan(September 1953), mentioned that there were one hundred settlers but
did not specify how many of these were Huks. Shalom recorded that “when the
project was completed, fewer than 1,000 families had been resettled... and only
246 of these were ex-Huks.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The project
was opened to two groups:1) captured or surrendered Huks, called former rebels;
and 2)former officers, rank and file soldiers and trainees and some private
citizens called the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>`stabilizers’. It
aimed to rehabilitate, train for gainful occupation and re-educate the first
group; while the latter would serve as “stabilizing influence in the
re-education and reformation of the former”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a><u>
</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>EDCOR
farming proceeded in four stages: During the first year, each family was to
plant rice seedlings on a two-hectare land. The family was expected to
eventually become self-supporting and would have surplus with which to pay
their debts. During the second year, they would be given two more hectares of
land to plant with either ramie or abaca for additional repayment of loan; in
the third year, they would be given two more hectares for the same purpose; and
in the fourth year they would be given two or more hectares for the same
reason. In short,the system of hectare increases was to enable repayment of
loans more rapidly.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>EDCOR’S State of Productivity in 1955- from a
Military Survey</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A survey<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
was made by the Armed Forces of the Philippines to assess the productivity of
the EDCOR farms during the first three years in 1955. The study interviewed 92
settlers out of 110 in Kapatagan and 163 settlers out of 170 in Buldon. Not
included in the interview were those settlers who were out of town, in
hospital, newly accepted, or not available for other reasons. Its finding were
the following: 1)Self-sufficiency was not yet attained by the settlers. 2) The
program of rehabilitation still had to progress; and 3) Its grandiose objective
of social amelioration should be made more realistic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The settlers’ failure
to achieve self-sufficiency</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According to the Military Survey:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Of the 92 setlers samples in I Arevalo(Kapatagan)EDCOR</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Farm, 27 or 29.4 percent (were) in the upper or more successful</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">groups;43 percent average and 22 or 24 percent failures. Of the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">163 settler sample in the (Buldon) farm,36 or 22 percent belong</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">to the more successful group; 84 or 1.6 percent belong to the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>more successful groups; 84 or
51.6 percent average, and 43 or</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">26.4 percent failures <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><br />
</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Note
that the index of success or failure were the following: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>successful groups are those with income[note:
this was probably yearly income, although this was not indicated] between
P1,600 to P5,600; middle or average group from P800.00 to P1,600.00 and the
failures from none to P800<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thus, the
survey concluded that the expectations of the government were not met. These
were: that the greater majority should have produced income between P1,650 to
P5,600.00 and the percentage of failures should have been smaller. This also suggested
that the EDCOR settler was not yet self-sufficient, and therefore, still needed
government subsidy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However,
according to the report,”(A)lthough the per capita income of the settlers in
both farms, Kapatagan and Buldon which was P469.02 and P317.85 respectively,
was short of their target goal,it was still high compared to non-settlers even
as the rice farmers whose income was P217.69 and the corn farmers with only
P112.09 income.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Huk rehabilitation was yet to continue</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An important
goal of the project was to restructure the mold of the Huk mentality to one of
a self-sufficient owner-cultivator type of farmer who is at the same time a model
law-abiding citizen. It was hoped that more Huks would be<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>convinced to surrender and lead peaceful
ordinary lives.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The survey,
however, found out that after three years of settler farming there were still
former Huks considered unfit for farm work. Expectedly, those who were
considered of `doubtful loyalty’ or the so-called `red’ were the least
productive. Conversely, those of the `stabilizer group’ or `retired soldiers
became more successful. To wit:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Of
the 58 ex-Huks interviewed in the Kapatagan EDCOR farm,</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>12
or 13.04% were more successful,26 or 28.36 average and 20 or</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>21.74
below average. These 58 ex-Huks interviewed,27 or 16.5 were</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>more
successful, 73 or 44.73% average and 42 or 25.76 below average.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in
this farm,therefore, of the 163 settlers interviewed ¼ who were failures</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>were
ex-Huks.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thus,
according to the survey, “most of the (former or retired soldiers) were more
successful than 1/5 to ¼ of the total number of ex-Huks.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Magsaysay
attributed such failures to the settlers’ shortcomings themselves since “in all
settlements...the supervision and administration have consistently been the
same...(It had thus become incumbent for his administration) to correct his
(the failed settler) faults and deficiencies with the end in view of making him
productive and self-sustaining.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Another
study was done by Alvin Scaff, an American sociologist. He visited the EDCOR
Kapatagan and Buldon during its earlier period (September and November 1953)
and was impressed by these farms’ accomplishments. He considered it (EDCOR) as
the “Philippines’ answer to communism” (which was the title of his book) in
weaning the rebels from this radical ideology. From his interviews, he found
out that, indeed, despite the settlers’ problems of adjustment, the government was
doing well at least at its earlier phase. The responses he received were fairly
representative of all the Huk settlers of varying backgrounds.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Furthermore,
in Scaff’s study of 1953,Kapatagan EDCOR, only nineteen cases or six percent of
the total number of settlers at the end of 1953 (year of his study) left the
project or were dismissed. According to Scaff,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>“Six of those who (who abandoned the settlement) were convicted of
theft; five refused to work and develop their farms; three deserted; two were found
in illegal possession of firearms; two resigned because of poor health; one
tried to incite trouble against the government.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>From Scaff’s
interviews, the following were the enumerated problems during the first three
years of EDCOR settlement: illness, inability to pay one’s loan, lack of
supplies when these were cut off; road problems and favouritism. It was also
recalled it was in 1953 when an ex-convict named only as Rivera, caused trouble
in the farm community<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Lack of funds, further exacerbated the problem. Its tight budget of P320,000
for its six month operation could no longer sustain a drainage project and other
farm needs such as carabaos and plows.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
Despite all these, Alvin Scaff considered EDCOR as a success.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On the
whole, Jesus Vargas, Magsaysay’s chief of staff said:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>The
EDCOR exist not merely to rehabilitate. It (also) exist...for</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the purpose of helping the nation
find new means to bring about a</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>faster
and more scientific rural development. We believe that in the</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>effort
to solve the country’s tenancy problems, the EDCOR’s experience</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>could
be a sound basis for new legislations. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According to Magsaysay, a former Secretary of Defense , now
President by<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1954, “The success of the
EDCOR experiment in resettling ex-dissidents had added a new concept in the
mission of the Armed Forces of the Philippines-that it cannot wage a war
successfully by armed struggle alone, but had also to pursue further the
greater task of rehabilitating physically and morally those involved in the
armed struggle.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">THE POLITICAL SITUATION ON MINDANAO(1955-60) AND THE EDCOR
SETTLEMENTS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The economic
prosperity of the EDCOR settlements, as shown by the increase of production and
population, was implicit in the peace and order prevailing in the areas. The
security provided by military presence in the farm settlement ostensibly
assured the settlers that they would go on living their farm life undisturbed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The land
issue, however, became the prominent bone of contention between the EDCOR and the
Muslims. There were reports of Muslims contesting recognized public land at the
EDCOR farms.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
For instance, upon investigation, the Philippine Constabulary learned that a
certain Umpa who was suspected to be the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>“landgrabber” was actually an employee of the Lanao Provincial
government. He(Umpa) reported that when EDCOR was established in Kapatagan,
land for his men behind the EDCOR area was assured; but when his men developed
their parcels of land, they were forced to evacuate because EDCOR settlers came
to occupy their attached farmlands. The same report alleged that the Maranaos
harassed the settlers. Apparently, it was the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>military presence that averted open violence in this area.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nonetheless,
after the surrender of Tawan-tawan and Kamlon in 1951 and 1954, respectively,
there was relative calm all over Mindanao and Sulu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">President Magsaysay and EDCOR</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Magsaysay’s
sudden death in 1957 <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>
brought a sense of insecurity among the Kapatagan EDCOR settlers. Since the
termination of their subsidy coincided with the demise of the president, they
thought that the succeeding Garcia administration was not sympathetic to their
plight. It was apparent due to their unpaid loans they faced imminent
foreclosure of their mortgaged land. They sought an audience with President
Garcia, but to no avail. It was a policy of his administration to impose
austerity and fiscal discipline. Thus, for the Kapatagan EDCOR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>settlers it seemed that the death of
Magsaysay likewise ended the EDCOR project.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">THE EDCOR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and NARRA
During the Magsaysay Administration</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When Ramon
Magsaysay was the elected president, his image as the “man of the masses” and
his `land to the landless’ program gained prominence with the EDCOR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and the NARRA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At the
outset of his administration, Magsaysay directed Secretary Balao of the EDCOR
to advise the settlers to obtain a P750.00 per hectare loan for coffee
plantation from the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation. The purpose of this
loan program, according to Magsaysay was to “enhance the settlers`capability to
contribute to production of cash crops and improve the financial condition of
the planters.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
As gathered from this author’s interview, the settlers in Buldon benefitted
from this program, specially at the time when rat infestation and forest fires
plagued the place in the late sixties.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>NARRA
Mindanao projects on the other hand, just like EDCOR has to reckon with land
problems. It was reported that settlers were shipped without assurance of the
lands in the settlement where they were assigned.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>
Beloso, the NARRA manager was ordered to correct the situation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A more
serious problem encountered was the land dispute between settlers and natives
in the area. A land conflict between the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">moro</i>
claimants and the NARRA settlers almost developed into a bloody encounter. In
August 1956, a certain Datu Sangke insisted on a claim consisting of 650
hectares located at Kauran, Datu Piang where a NARRA reservation was located.
According to Datu Sangke, Kauran was one of the few remaining places where
they, as natives, could settle. Most of the Koronadal and Allah Valley had been
occupied by Christians.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>
Two hundred and sixty-four Muslim families and one hundred and three Christian
families fought over the controversial land. According to the Christian
settlers, they occupied the land in 1952 with the permission of another Muslim
claimant.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The land
conflict was settled through a division of farm lots, in which greater portion
was allotted to Datu Sangke’s men. An agreement called the `Pledge of
Brotherhood’ was signed between the Muslim and Christian groups. This
temporarily forestalled the conflict.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At Wao, (a
town of Lanao del Sur) NARRA reports of anomalies committed by Busran Kalaw
reached Malacanang in June 1898. Kalaw, according to these reports,cheated the
settlers of their supplies, sold their rice supplies at exorbitant prices, and
censored their letters and radiograms to government authorities. The settlers:
Gregorio Abasta, Anita Reyes,Mariano Reyes, Amado Reyes and Arturo Angeles,
presented to the President invoices showing they were given only<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a few gantas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>of rice a week, out of their weekly rations of fifteen gantas each.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Meantime, in
Maramag (Bukidnon) NARRA, Jose Crisol (who conducted investigation there)
reported that there were “administrative operational deficiencies”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the settlement and recommended the
improvement of the road from Maramag to Wao. Moreover, it was also noted that
some settlers from Wao wanted to transfer to Maramag.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At Davao, a
NARRA project was abolished when it was found out that this government agency
was actually the landgrabber.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Following
Magsaysay’s death, the settlers in EDCOR Kapatagan, recalled seven<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>significant developments: Muslim conflict,
selling of land and animals, settlers returning to their original places, end
of EDCOR’s days of glory<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a>,decrease
in agricultural production, local government’s takeover and the building of
more houses. Major changes were: 1)most of Kapatagan settlers’ support stopped;
2)vigorous campaign to collectsettlers’ debts to the government; 3)EDCOR’s
turnover to Land Authority in 1957; and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>4) its eventual phase-out and incorporation into the newly formed Sapad
municipality in 1969. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In 1959,
serious management problems beset the Gallego EDCOR in Buldon. Army Chief of
Staff Alejo Santos ordered a military investigation of the Gallego Farms
regarding the reported abuses of military personanel against settlers in the
form of usurious credit, charging settlers for use of military vehicles at
exorbitant rates, confiscation of work animals, farm lots and other property of
the settlers who failed to pay borrowed money, and sale of drugs and medicines
which were originally issued free to the settlers.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Furthermore,
Senator Genaro Magsaysay, who visited Libungan (Genio EDCOR farm or Alamada) in
late 1962, confirmed landgrabbing cases there. Allotted lots for settlers were
said to have been withdrawn and finally,fell into the hands of moneyed people
and certain government officials. These landgrabbing cases were denied by the then
Acting Bureau of Lands Director.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
Apparently, the latter was implicated in the anomaly. Related to this report
was the charge of illegal logging at the EDCOR farm in Buldon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A case was
filed in 1963 against a lumber company on an EDCOR reservation of 134,041
hectares in Buldon, Cotabato. The company had been logging in Buldon since
1958, in an area reserved by Ramon Magsaysay under Proclamation No.6(March
2,1954). The permission was given through an official who was unauthorized to
act on behalf of EDCOR, according to Defense Secretary Macario Peralta.
Forestry Director Bernal said that through a series of amendments, the company
increased its logging areas from 49,000 hectares to 107,400 hectares in a
matter of two months, and not without the official consent of the Defense
Secretary.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Natives Anxiety Over the Creation of the EDCOR settlement in
their area</span></u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A concrete
instance of a Maguindanaoan’s complaint over the loss of what they believe to
be their land to the EDCOR project was reflected in the following:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>We
are poor...The government brought in ex-rebel from</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the
other end of the country, people who are alien to us, settled</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>them
down on our land, gave them everything they need to farm,</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and
(laid) out towns for them. We ask(ed) for the same consideration.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We
(were) told we do not quality...We do not know how to compete</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>with
these people...Soon we shall be landless people on our own</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>home
country.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In such a situation, according to Melvin Mednick, an
anthropologist who studied the Muslims in Mindanao, “the effect of the EDCOR
project was...a good example of a situation in which a solution of the problems
(in Luzon) turn(ed) into the breeding ground for another.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>In
an effort to prevent such occurrence, the government allowed a segment on the
settlement reserved for the Maguindanaoans. By April 4,1956 the government
authorized 227 Moro families to occupy and settle lands at Genio EDCOR project
which, according to Ciriaco Mirasol, EDCOR chief, “accomplished two things: 1)it
filled the project up t To capacity and 2)obviated possible Muslim charges that
the government provid(ed) more privileges to Christians than (the) native(s) of
the area.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In 1959 at the
Genio (Alamada) EDCOR farm , many Muslims were granted land . This was
corroborated by a report which stated that: “At Genio Alamada EDCOR, 105
enlisted men and eighteen Muslim farmers were admitted as settlers in
newly-cleared Balatawan-Dado Area of Genio Farm, Libungan Midsayap, Cotabato.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">HUK ALIENATION AND THE CREATION OF THE SEMP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In 1959, the
government created another resettlement program Socio-Economic Military Program
(SEMP).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SEMP was
intended to “help retired enlisted men and ex-trainees to acquire their own
land which they (would) work as homestead until they (could) have a title to
it”. The program was under the supervision of the Philippine Army which
acquired public land not reserved for NARRA nor the EDCOR.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Under the same program, the Army helped the
settlers by opening roads, particularly for transporting the settlers’
machinery and equipment, cleaning the forest, planning the community, sending
tools and advancing supplies.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Evidently,
the creation of SEMP as an exclusive military resettlement project formalized
the alienation of the former insurgents-the Huks, from the rest of the
settlers. The government considered the `Huk menace’ as solved and as a
precautionary measue, they had to be isolated from the Maguindanaoans who were
also potential rebels. The land issue remained a sensitive matter, specially
for the latter. In fact, in Alamada EDCOR which was the biggest settlement
of`673 settlers, only seven were former Huks while 97 were militarymen .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Moreover, it
would be this SEMP-EDCOR in the Alamada settlement (also called Barrira-Genio),
in comparison with the other EDCOR settlements, which would be the last to be
turned over to civilian administration under the Ministry of Agrarian Reform in
1972.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a>
This fact suggests that EDCOR Alamada retained its military nature for almost
two decades. When the author visited the area in 1994, she was impressed that
much of its military settlement lay-out remained. According to Maynard Dow, an
American military officer,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(T)he
EDCOR ha(d) made significant strides...When it</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>was
apparent that there were insufficient ex-Huks and other</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>settlers
for filling the original quota, the government took</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>definite
steps to include indigenous <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">moro</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moro</i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>settler
heads of families were incorporated into the EDCOR</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(Alamada)
in 1956<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SUMMARY</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Problems<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>inherent in newly-formed settlements were
also apparent in the EDCOR settlements and these can be best delineated into:
1)economic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b)social and c) political:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Economic Problems</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>While
contributions to agricultural production of rice and corn were clearly seen in
the Kapatagan area, when in 1953, it was considered as the `rice bowl’ of the
entire Lanao Province, disease and drought brought such glory to an end in
1959. As for EDCOR, government expectations on settlers’ productivity remained
unfulfilled. Magsaysay attributed this to the characteristics of the settlers
themselves. That is, the settler-dissidents were mostly, not farmers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Social Problems</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Since the
EDCOR was intended to rehabilitate and re-orient ex-Huks into becoming loyal
and peace-loving citizens of the Republic, it was expected that the
opportunities afforded to them as owner-cultivators in the farms, side by side
with military men, would turn them into one. The EDCOR `experiment’ proved that
loyal settlers were the most productive. Thus, the high rate of failures
suggested that there were still a number of former Huks who were impervious to
`rehabilitation’. Impliedly, this meant that the project would have to
continue.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Political Problems</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is
obvious that a certain weakness on Magsaysay’s land resettlement structures was
manifested as soon as he died. Apparently, the project’s (EDCOR and NARRA)
continuation depended greatly upon the government’t tight supervision and
fiscal policies. During the second half decade of EDCOR’s life, Magsaysay’s
death in 1957 was a major disaster for the settlers. Gradually, the project was
terminated; from the austere management of the Garcia administration up to its
final abolition in 1968 by the Land Authority.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Compounding
lack of support for the project were landgrabbing complaints of the native
Maguindanaoans; graft and corrupt practices of government officials e.g. grant
of permit to a logging company, and the insecurity of the Kapatagan settlers in
living in a strange environment without government support. It was thus
inevitable that EDCOR settlers would want to settle elsewhere and look for the
proverbial greener pastures.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Moreover,
part of the motivations behind the `land to the landless’ project, as discussed
in this chapter, was mainly the desire to picture Ramon Magsaysay as the man of
the `masses’. It was a time when the people lost their faith in the integrity
of the established government. But true enough, Magsaysay’s peasant
amelioration projects, combined with military determination to quell armed
rebellion, not only diminished peasant support for the Huks and paved the way
for its eventual downfall, but also catapulted him to the presidency. All these
were possible with the tremendous support given to him by the United States
which saw him as the defender of their so-called `showcase of democracy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Asia’- the Philippines.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>No cultural
conflict was yet discernible during this period since interaction between
settlers and the natives was still minimal. The culture-gap would be noticeable
when the settler would have to deal with the opposing land concept of the
natives. They would be forced to face the natives as the EDCOR administration
would give way to the Land Authority in 1967.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CONCLUSION</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On the
whole, the most tangible proof of EDCOR’s success, however, was in the realm of
counter-insurgency. As an AFP project under its psy-war operations, the EDCOR
as the government’s `land for the landless’ project appeared as an effective
argument against continuing the Huk rebellion. With the AFP appropriating this
Huk slogan, the movement’s raison d’etre<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>vanished. Moreover, with the former soldiers and former rebels having to
live together in one community, the former Huk settlers developed a certain
degree of respect for the military, represented by Ramon Magsaysay as Secretary
of Defense, in his effort to provide their necessities. Consequently, by the
year 1952, the year before the presidential election, it was considered that
Huk following had diminished and its influence over the peasants had gone.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On Mindanao,
the EDCOR project served as a model for the succeeding resettlement such as the
NARRA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>upon the election of Magsaysay to
the presidency. NARRA became the successor of the abolished LASEDECO and opened
settlement projects in Davao,Cotabato, Lanao del Sur and Bukidnon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NARRA also opened settlements projects in
Sulu and on Palawan and was considered the first serious effort of the government
at resettlement. Unlike EDCOR, however, the project gave priority to landless
farmers in congested areas of the country and to military retirees and
trainees.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An extension
of the EDCOR project in Alamada was the Socio-Economic Military Project (SEMP)
established in 1959. Unlike Kapatagan and Buldon, EDCOR-SEMP in Alamada was
intended for soldiers, and later on, even Muslims were accommodated in the
settlements. Apparently, the accommodation of Muslims was intended to silence
the growing criticism of the Muslim natives that they were slowly being eased
out in favour of the settlers from Luzon, by Huk rebels.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The founding
of SEMP in 1959 coincided with serious management problems in the Gallego farm
in Buldon. Report of abuses reached in military, such as usurious credit,
charging settlers for use of military vehicles at exorbitant rates,
confiscation of work animals, farm lots and other property of the settlers.
Added to these were landgrabbing cases of moneyed people and illegal loggers.
Genaro Magsaysay, then a Senator, also reported that there were illegal land
usurpation cases done by some rich people from Luzon in Alamada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Finally,
resettlement as the government’s attempt to address its political, social and
economic problems could be seen, with the EDCOR Mindanao as a case in point,
follows the colonialists practice of incorporating northerners with southerners
to subdue latent recalcitrance of rebels from both geographical regions.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BIBLIOGRAPHY</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BOOKS/MONOGRAPHS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Abueva,Jose V. RAMON MAGSAYSAY: A
POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY. Manila: Solidaridad Publishing House,1971.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Arcilla,S.J., Jose S. JESUIT
MISSIONARY LETTERS FROM MINDANAO vol1. Q.C.:University of the Philippines
Center for Integrative and Development Studies,National Historical Institute
and the UP Press,2000.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Armed Forces of the Phillippines.
SURVEY OF PRODUCTIVITY n.p.,n.d. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gowing,Peter Gordon. MANDATE IN
MOROLAND. THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT OF MUSLIM FILIPINOS,1899-1920.Q.C. Philippine
Center for Advanced Studies,1977.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hayami,Yujiro, Quisumbing,Ma.Agnes R.
And Adriano,Lourdes S. TOWARD AN ALTERNATIVE LAND REFORM PARADIGM. Q.C.: Ateneo
de Manila 1990.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keith,Agnes Newton. BARE FEET IN THE
PALACE. Boston: An Atlantic Monthly Press Book,1953.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lansdale,Edward Geary. IN THE MIDST
OF WARS: AN AMERICAN MISSION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. New York: Harper and Row
Publishers,1972.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Muslim, Macapado. THE MORO ARMED
STRUGGLE IN THE PHILIPPINES. Marawi: Office of the President and College of
Public Affairs,MSU.1994.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Quirino,Carlos. MAGSAYSAY OF THE PHILIPPINES.
Manila: RM Memorial Society,1964.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Scaff, Alvin H. THE PHILIPPINES
ANSWER TO COMMUNISM. Calif.: Stanford University Press,1955.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Shalom, Stephen Rosskam. THE UNITED
STATES AND THE PHILIPPINES: A STUDY IN NEOCOLONIALISM. Q.C.: New Day
Publishers,1986.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vargas, Jesus . COMMUNISM IN DECLINE:
THE HUK CAMPAIGN.n.p. 1957</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ARTICLES,PERIODICALS ,PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS AND PAMPHLETS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Abaya-Ulindang,Faina C. “Slaves and
Migrants in Mindanao During the late 18<sup>th</sup> toEarly 19<sup>th</sup>
Centuries” MSU GRADUATE FORUM. Vol.5 nos 1&2 (2007)pp.187-225</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Anonymous. “Magsaysay’s Claim to
Edcor Authorship Exposed”(Pamphlet)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Armed Forces of the Philippines,
“Survey of Productivity” n.p. n.d.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DAILY MIRROR 1956 clippings</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MANILA TIMES 1949-63 clippings</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MANILA CHRONICLE 1954 clippings</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">OFFICIAL GAZETTE vol.51 no.6 June
1955</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">OFFICIAL GAZETTE vol.52 no.5 May 1957</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">OFFICIAL GAZETTE vol.52 no.6 June
1,1958</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">OFFICIAL GAZETTE vol.52 no.12
September 30,1958</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Porte,Catherine. “Ambitious Plans for
Mindanao Announced.” FAR EASTERN SURVEY vol.vii (November 1938) pp.213-274.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">THESIS/DISSERTATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Abaya-Ulindang,Faina C. “EDCOR and
Counter-Insurgency: A Study of Economic Development Corps Settlements in
Mindanao (1950-70)” Thesis Ph.D History. University of the Philippines.1996</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dow,Maynard Weston. “Counter-Insurgency
and Nation-Building. A Comparative Study of Post-World War II Anti-Guerilla
Settlement in Malaya,Philippines and South Vietnam.” Thesis. Ph.D
Geography,Syracuse University. January 1965.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> Abaya-Ulindang,Faina.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“EDCOR and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Counter-Insurgency: A Study of the Economic Development Corps (EDCOR)
Settlements in Mindanao (1950-70)”. Ph.D History Thesis. University of the Philippines-Diliman.
1996</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Abaya-Ulindang,Faina “Slaves and
Migrants in Mindanao During the early 19<sup>th</sup> to late 20<sup>th</sup>
Centuries: A Comparative Social History”. MSU GRADUATE FORUM .vol.5
nos.1&2(2007) pp. 187-205</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
JESUIT MISSIONARY LETTERS FROM MINDANAO vol.1. Arcilla, Jose S. S.J.
ed.,trans.,annotators. (Q.C.: University of the Philippines Center for
Integrative & Development Studies, National Historical Institute and the UP
Press,2000)</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> See for example Gowing, Peter
Gordon. MANDATE IN MOROLAND:THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT OF MUSLIM
FILIPINOS,1899-1920. (Q.C.: Phil. Center for Advanced Studies,1977</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> NDC
was created in 1937. “It was allowed to contract lease agreements with foreign
and domestic investors for exploitation of public agricultural and mineral
lands over and above the 1,024 hectare limit stipulated by the 1935
Constitution. B.F.Goodrich and Goodyear Tires pioneered in establishing 1,000
ha. rubber plantation in 1919. It facilitated the development of large-scale
plantations and the policy of encouraging small settlers in the “Land of
Promise” which created contradictions in land-use policy in later years.”
Hayami,Yujiro et al. TOWARD AN ALTERNATIVE LAND REFORM PARADIGM.(Q.C.: Ateneo
de Manila Press,1990)p.43</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">See for example, Abueva, Jose
V. RAMON MAGSAYSAY: A POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY (Manila: Solidaridad Publishing
House,1971)]</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> Manila
Times,January 19,1954. Cf. DEVELOPMENT ACADEMY OF THE PHILIPPINES. HUMAN
SETTLEMENT PHILIPPINE FRONTIER SETTLEMENT MODELS:INVENTORY AND SUMMARY
PROFILES. Prepared by the Frontier and Rural Settlement Research Team of the
Rural Transformation Project.n.d. On p.506-`that there were 139 families as
original settlers. There were a total of 352 residential lots of 600 square
meters each, 140 farm lots of six hectares each by 1954,total area developed
was 799,495 hectares.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> Scaff,Alvin
H. THE PHILIPPINE ANSWER TO COMMUNISM.(California: Stanford University
Press,1955)p.108</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> From
“Lanao Resettlement Project no.2.n.d.,n.p.photocopy fron Sapad Municipality
Deparment of Agricultural Reforms(DAR) Records<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> Dow,Maynard
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Winston , “Counter-insurgency and
Nation-building: A Comparative Study of Post World War II Anti-Guerilla
Settlement in Malaya, The Philippines and South Vietnam”.Thesis. Ph.D Geography
.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Syracuse University.January 1965.
P.121</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Lansdale,Edward ,IN THE MIDST OF WARS: AN AMERICAN MISSION IN SOUTHEAST
ASIA(New York: Harper and Row Publishers,1972)p.53</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
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</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Shalom,Stephen Rosskam<u>, </u>THE
UNITED STATES AND THE PHILIPPINES: A STUDY ON NEOCOLONIALISM<u>.(</u>Q.C.:New
Day Publishers,1986)pp.79-80</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Scaff, op cit p.45</div>
</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to a military pamphlet: “The
government promises an eight hectare farm, with a small nipa house in the
middle of a 600 sq.meter lot, service and food rations and other forms of
assistance in the first year of operation. A number of former Huks<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have obtained homestead patents to their
farm.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
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</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> Armed
Forces of the Philippines, SURVEY OF PRODUCTIVITY.n.p.(1957?)</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">ibid.p.6</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> ibid.p.17</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
ibid.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> ibid.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> Scaff,op
cit p.77</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> ibid
p.66</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> ibid<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> OFFICIAL
GAZETTE vol.51 no.6(June1955)p.ccl.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> ibid<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a> Daily
Mirror,April 5,1956</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> Ramon
Magsaysay died in a plane crach on March 17,1957 together with Secretary of
Education Gregorio Hernancez,former Senator Tomas Cabili, Gen. Benito Ebuen
(Chief of the Philippine Air Force),Congressmen Pedro Lopez,Manuel Zosa, and
William Chiongbian, Jean Paredes, a lawyer, and other passengers totalling
twenty-seven persons, excluding the crew. Only one person survived the
disaster. The plane<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Mount Pinatubo, hit the side of Mount
Manunggal due to `metal fatigue breakage’.Quirino,Carlos .MAGSAYSAY OF THE
PHILIPPINES (Manila: Ramon Magsaysay Memorial<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span>Society,1964)
p.232</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a> OFFICIAL
GAZETTE vol.51 no.6 (June 1955) p.cc1</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> OFFICIAL
GAZETTE vol. 52<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span>no.5 (May<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,1956) p.ccvii</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a> OFFICIAL
GAZETTE vol.52 no.6(June 9,1956) p.dxiviii</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a>
OFFICIAL GAZETTE vol.52 no.12 (September 30,1956)p.ccccivi-vii</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">OFFICIAL GAZETTE vol.52 no.6
(June 9,1956)p.dxiviii]</span></div>
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<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a> A
film was made of Kapatagan EDCOR, the “Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay” which starred<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span>popular actress Nida Blanco and Luis
Gonzales(?) showing how miraculously the people and the place was transformed
through the EDCOR project. From a brief written by Mr. Peredo,a former EDCOR
settler, for this author’s research</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MANILA TIMES November 5,1959</span></div>
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<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a> DAILY
MIRROR December 22,1962</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a>
MANILA TIMES ,October 30,1963<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted
by Mednick,Melvin <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from a Maguindanaoan
Informant in “Development Programs and the Moslems”p.38 cited in
Dow,Maynard<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>op cit. p.127</div>
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<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>
ibid</div>
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<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a> ibid.p.128</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a> MANILA
TIMES <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>January 23,1962. Also an informant
during the author’s visit to the area, pointed to the places occupied by the
Muslims in the settlement. These were located mainly on the peripheral
mountainous area of the settlement<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a> Dow
op.cit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p.110</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a> ibid.p.113</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a> Paderanga,Jr<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">.,</span>C ayetano W. “A Review of Land Settlements in
the Philippines” MINDANAO STUDIES REPORT no. 2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(UP Center for Integrative and Development Studies)p.18</div>
</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Dow, op cit.p.138</span></div>
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Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-39064126631978088182013-01-21T20:26:00.001-08:002013-01-23T15:42:42.419-08:00ABSTRACT-ANG BUNDOK APO SA KASAYSAYAN NG MGA DABAWENYOS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ANG BUNDOK APO SA KASAYSAYAN NG MGA DABAWENYOS:</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ang mga Katutubo sa Panahon ng mga <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kastila sa Mindanaw</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ni <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faina C. Abaya-Ulindang,Ph.D</b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mindanao State University-Marawi</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ABSTRAK</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sa
kasaysayan ng mga relihiyon, nagging unibersal na ang malaking papel na
ginagampanan ng Kalikasan, lalong lalo na ang mga bagay sa kapaligiran na
nakikitaan ng pagkakaiba at may tinatawag na `awra’. Isang halimbawa nito ay
mga bundok , katulad ng Bundok Apo- na siyang tinuringan pinakamataas na bundok
sa Pilipinas, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>na may kakaibang hugis o
anyo. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ito ay isang bagay na mapaliwanag
lamang ng mga tinatagurian ng lipunan na may katangitanging <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">`gift’</i> o abilidad ,katulad ng mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">`mambabaya</i>,’. Ang mga ito ay
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nang
dumating ang mga Kolonyalistang Kastila sa Dabaw kanilang nalaman na may isang
Diyos na kinatatakutan ang mga katutubo na nangangalang Mandarangan na
naninirahan sa Bundok Apo. Itong si Mandarangan ay isang mabagsik na Diyos na
kinakailangang busugin ng dugo ng mga tao na inaalay sa kanyang paanan. Ito ay
winiwisik sa paaanan ng Bundok <br />
Apo. Makikitang busog ito kung tahimik ang Bundok at ang mga tao ay malayang
makakuha ng kanilang mga pagkain at makapangahoy dito.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Para
sa mga misyonerong Heswita ang paniniwalang ito ay balakid sa kanilang
pagpapalaganap ng relihiyong Kristiyanismo at ng pagtanggap ng mga katutubong Dabawenyos
sa kapangyarihan ng Espanyol sa kanila.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gamit
ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jesuit Letters</i> at ang iba pang
nauukol na batis sa kasaysayan ng Mindanao, naglalayong ipakita <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ng papel na ito ang kasaysayan ng mga
katutubong Dabawenyos ang kanilang paniniwala sa Bundok Apo bilang kaganapan ng
kanilang pagkatao o identidad. Ito na rin ang nagbigay katuturan sa pamamaraan
ng kanilang pakikitungo sa mga Kolonyalistang Espanyol.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gamit
din ang framework ng `political economy’, tatangkain ng papel na ito na sagutin
ang mga sumunod na tanong:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.Ano
ang paraan ng mga kolonyalista upang maipalaganap ang kanilang kapangyarihan sa
mga katutubo?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Ano ang naging tugon ng mga katutubo sa mga
pamamaraan ng mga kolonyalista?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. Ano ang nagbunsod sa masidhing
hangarin ng mga kolonyalista upang mapasakamay nila ang Dabaw ? At bilang
pangwakas,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Ano ang halaga ng katutubong paniniwala, laong-lalo na sa Kalikasan, bilang
sangga sa mapanupil na pamamaraan ng mga kolonyalista?</span></div>
Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-38869262368167338312012-12-31T14:50:00.000-08:002013-01-23T15:43:17.348-08:00MINDANAO HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE 21ST CENTURY<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MINDANAO HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE 21<sup>ST</sup>
CENTURY: PROBLEMS and PROSPECTS</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BY:</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">FAINA C. ABAYA-ULINDANG,Ph.D</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Professor,Deptartment of History</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Mindanao State University</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Marawi City</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">ABSTRACT</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Current
literature on Mindanao are decidedly focused on the peace process and economic
development of this region. Apparently, these highlight the importance of
contextualising these issues only a comprehensive and reliable historiography
could provide.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
paper, first, surveys what historical literature/or sources (both published and
unpublished) on Mindanao are made available to historians and those interested
in history writing at present; and second, provides an <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>based on the following:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">1.Who authored these sources? What authority do they
have in their authorship of these sources?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">2.What approaches did they use and from what
perspective? Could they be considered local/regional/national history? Or did
they deal with the history of Mindanao as an isolated area of study?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
paper limits<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>its presentation to current
literature available to historians based on the listing of collections
(disseminated via the internet mostly)which are found in the libraries and
research centers<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Mindanao and Manila.
However, it does not pretend to cover the entire field of sources historians
could use for their study on Mindanao. This is premised on the idea that any
history writing is always a work-in-progress. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Moreover, for the term `Mindanao’ the author
utilizes the current accepted definition where it means a geographic entity covering
not only the island of Mindanao but Sulu as well.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For
its conclusion, the author recommends what gaps in periodization as well as in
methodological inquiry should be addressed to by scholars interested in
Mindanao historiography.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">ABOUT THE AUTHOR(a short CV)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Professor
Faina C. Abaya-Ulindang of the History Department, Mindanao State
University-Marawi campus earned her Bachelor of Arts major in
History(1972),Master of Arts in Asian Studies (1982) and Doctor of Philosophy
major in History (1996) at the University of the Philippines, Diliman Quezon
City.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Her<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>works largely<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>deal with the social history of Mindanao, specifically migration and
resettlement, war in Mindanao, slavery, and women’s movements. Some of her writings
are published in the Mindanao Journal, MSU Graduate School Research Journal, Adhika
Journal, NHI <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kasaysayan</i> Journal, NCCA
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Batis, </i>and ADHIKA & NHI <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kasaysayan ng Bayan</i>. She is presently
involved with the writing of a textbook on Philippine History 1 of the Mindanao
State University and has finished (in limited circulation) a sourcebook for
Asian Civilization. She has also contributed to the ICAS newsletter an article
on Chinese slavery for the SAGE Encyclopedia on the Social Sciences.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>She
is currently a full time faculty of the History Department, and part time
faculty of the Graduate School MSU-Marawi. She was the former MSU-Marawi College
of Social Sciences and Humanities Coordinator for Research & Extension(1999-2007).
She also served as a member of the NCCA Executive Council for the National
Committee on Historical Research(1998-2004;2007-10)and member of the Board of
Directors<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Adhika ng P</i>ilipinas(1998-2007).
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-38938022402077588422012-12-27T07:06:00.000-08:002012-12-27T07:06:13.523-08:00PROSPECTS FOR MINDANAO ECONOMY<!--[if !mso]>
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<a href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/column/no-free-lunch"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">No Free Lunch</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">By </span><a href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/byline/cielito-f-habito"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">Cielito F. Habito</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;"><br />
</span><a href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/source/philippine-daily-inquirer"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">Philippine Daily
Inquirer</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">9:53 pm |
Monday, December 10th, 2012 </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;"> 1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;"> <span style="color: black;"> 43</span> <span style="color: black;"> 29</span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">I LIKE to
describe Muslim Mindanao as a gem in the rough. I’ve already written on the
region’s key assets as a prime investment area: superior agro-climatic
conditions, abundant primary resources, large tracts of idle lands, and wage
rates lower than elsewhere in the country. And with the Muslim majority
population in Southeast Asia, the region possesses a natural edge in meeting
demands for goods and services in the wider Asean market. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">But we
all know why the region, soon to be known as Bangsamoro under the widely
anticipated peace agreement, has missed out on cashing in on its assets.
Recurrent conflict and violence, poor infrastructure, weak governance and other
issues have perpetuated a vicious cycle of low investment and persistent
poverty that the region simply must find a way to break out of. The clear
imperative is to raise the level of investments in the region, as attracting
greater investments from both locals and outsiders into Muslim Mindanao is the
only way out of its poverty trap. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">Unfortunately,
almost everyone thinks it is too dangerous to do business in Muslim Mindanao.
Yet there have been a brave few who for many years have been reaping the
benefits of doing business in the troubled region. La Frutera Inc. (LFI), a
well-known success story in the town of Datu Paglas, Maguindanao for over 15
years now, is described by Unifrutti Philippines chief John Perrine as their
most successful investment in Mindanao. Agumil’s palm oil mill in Buluan (also
in Maguindanao) has already expanded capacity by 50 percent since it started
operations five years ago, and plans to expand even more. Matling Industrial
and Commercial Corp., operating in Malabang, Lanao del Sur for decades now,
along with a number of other similar firms, has managed—even thrived—through
peace and conflict in Mindanao. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">This
tells me that first-time investors need not wait too long to place their stakes
in the region, even as we all await the completion of the peace agreement still
being hammered out by negotiators in Malaysia. There are lessons to be learned
from the stories of first-movers such as the above-mentioned firms who already dared
invest and operate in Muslim Mindanao even through its troubled times. Their
experiences clearly show that investors bringing in jobs and increased incomes
for the local populace are embraced and even protected by their hosts, for as
long as they “do things right.” Some such lessons for success are described in
the newly released booklet “Braving It and Making It: Insights from Successful
Investors in Muslim Mindanao,” published by AusAID in partnership with the
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) Regional Board of Investments, ARMM
Business Council, and Management Association of the Philippines. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">How does
an investor “do things right” in Muslim Mindanao? The evidence from the firms
featured in the booklet points to three key principles that underpin successful
investments in the region. First, partnership with an influential and
enlightened local leader can be crucial. Beyond the benefit of working with
someone who “knows the terrain,” such a local partner can be essential in
gaining secure access to needed land, and effectively managing the locally
hired workforce. Second, an outside investor must put time and effort in
building trust and confidence with local partners, workers and host
communities, through confidence-building initiatives and sincere personal
gestures. Third, the investor must respect and work within local cultural norms
and practices, even find ways to creatively turn them into a positive factor
for the enterprise. For example, successful firms respect and adopt Islamic
practices (including adjusting work hours during the Ramadan fast) in the
workplace. It also pays to employ as supervisors individuals who inherently
command the respect and obedience of their subordinates by virtue of social
status vested by historical/cultural tradition or royalty. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">Specific
good practices of the featured firms that are worthy of emulation include (1)
effective incentive mechanisms to foster higher productivity and loyalty; (2)
deliberate measures to promote workforce motivation, discipline and harmony;
(3) harnessing of complementary businesses to reduce costs and optimize
utilization of company resources; and (4) providing for own source of electric
power, especially via renewable energy facilities that tap local resources. The
book is sprinkled with anecdotal illustrations of these various principles and
good practices. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">In an
effort to help accelerate economic development in this area soon to be known
officially as Bangsamoro, a luncheon forum on the region’s investment
opportunities, spearheaded by the Eisenhower Fellows Association of the
Philippines (EFAP) in partnership with the ARMM regional government and think
tank Brain Trust Inc., will be held this Thursday in Makati City (see
http://braintrustinc.org/?p=478). The forum will address questions potential
investors are likely to ask, and will feature EFAP honorary chair Jaime Augusto
Zobel de Ayala, ARMM Gov. Mujiv Hataman, World Bank country director Motoo
Konishi, and other key resource persons. Free print copies of AusAID’s “Braving
It and Making It” book will also be distributed. (Readers may e-mail me for a
free soft copy of the publication, which will soon be available through the
websites of the copublishers and the Mindanao Development Authority.) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">With all
concerned sectors working together, hopes run high for Bangsamoro to be, as
Finance Secretary Cesar Purisima recently put it, an “extra gear” for
propelling Philippine economic growth in the years ahead. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">* * * </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">E-mail:
cielito.habito@gmail.com </span></div>
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Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-41948859207314394682012-05-25T18:11:00.001-07:002014-04-26T21:37:08.316-07:00Truthout- "Imposing White Eurocentric Education on Mexican American students". http://truth-out.org/news/item/9374-imposing-white-eurocentric-education-on-mexican-american-students-in-tucson-the-suppression-of-history<br />
<blockquote>
"Tucson, Arizona was a part of Mexico not so long ago. All this
hateful rhetoric to 'go back to where you come from!' does not work so
well in Tucson since a lot of people are exactly where they came from
and do not have anyplace to go back to."<br />
-- Eren Isabel McGinnis, Producer of "Precious Knowledge"</blockquote>
<i>Battles over school curriculums occasionally make national news,
but quickly fade. However, the banning of the Mexican-American studies
program in Tucson has assumed much greater significance. The action
precipitated by the Arizona legislature - and signed by Gov. Jan Brewer
-- brazenly suppresses educating a multicultural society in a school
district where the majority of students are of Mexican descent. The
documentary "Precious Knowledge: Arizona's Battle Over Ethnic Studies"
brilliantly details the energy and critical thinking of students in the
Mexican-American studies program as compared to the bigoted cliches of
the politicians seeking to deprive them of the knowledge that empowers
non-Caucasian young people.</i><br />
<i>Truthout and BuzzFlash readers can directly obtain the "Precious
Knowledge: Arizona's Battle Over Ethnic Studies" DVD and support
uncompromised journalism by <a href="https://members.truth-out.org/bgift83-gift/choose-type-donation" target="_blank">clicking here</a>.</i><br />
<i>The following is a Truthout interview with "Precious Knowledge" Producer Eren Isabel McGinnis:</i><br />
<b>Mark Karlin:</b> A book that is more than 40 years old,
Paulo Freire's "Pedagogy of the Oppressed," plays a central role in the
Mexican-American studies program and is a repeated target to the
politicians who opposed the curriculum. Can you explain a bit about the
book and why it was such a threat to many white Arizonan political
figures?<br />
<b>Eren McGinnis:</b> Freire's "Pedagogy of the Oppressed"
is a classic textbook of the college classroom and one of the guiding
texts of Tucson's famous Mexican-American studies program. The book has
its focus on the important relationship between teacher, student, and
society. Freire calls the traditional way of teaching the "banking
model" where the teacher stands in front of the class and has all the
knowledge while the student is just empty and waiting to be filled.
Freire wrote that students are the "co-creators of knowledge." Freire
also explores the relationship between the "colonizer" and the
"colonized," and his work is one of the foundations of critical
pedogogy. Mr. Gonzalez, a teacher and star of the "Precious Knowledge"
film, used Freire extensively in his classroom. This textbook is widely
used throughout the world and we even have the Paulo Freire Freedom
School in Tucson, a charter school focused on social justice and
environmental sustainability. Interestingly, this charter school has not
ever been attacked or even questioned by our state legislature.<br />
The politicians used this textbook as a symbol and also as leverage
in their campaign against the Mexican-American studies program. Former
Arizona State Senator and now Superintendent of Public Instruction John
Huppenthal said, "There is a real fear when we see books like the
'Pedogogy of the Oppressed,' that is Marxist, Leninist, collectivist.
There is a real fear that the message is going out that you can't get
ahead in life and that there are people out there that are stopping
you." I have always thought that it was a bit odd for Huppenthal to be
invoking cold war era politics.<br />
<b>Karlin:</b> The fact is that the high school graduation
rate for Latinos enrolled in the Mexican-American studies program was
nearly twice that of those who weren't. Isn't it a bit shocking that
politicians who constantly talk about a crisis in our schools would
outlaw a program that was almost doubling graduation rates for Latinos?<br />
<b>McGinnis:</b> It is horrible that a program that helped
students and their families so much would be outlawed. This has been
extremely hard on our community here in Tucson and really upsets
audiences across the country. The audience is very emotional about "push
out" rates and the achievement gap and can see by watching the movie
how the program really engaged the students. The year we filmed the
senior class of 2009 they had a 100% graduation rate.<br />
One of the anti-curriculum politicians ,Tom Horne, talked incessantly
about there, "being better ways to energize our students," but never
presented the better way.<br />
<b>Karlin:</b> A couple of the political figures openly
attacked the curriculum as being an alleged assault on "Eurocentic
culture." Weren't the Mayans, Native-Americans and other indigenous
people here before white people showed up? And wasn't Arizona part of
Mexico before the Mexican government was forced to give up the land to
the United States?<br />
<b>McGinnis:</b> Tucson, Arizona was a part of Mexico not
so long ago. All this hateful rhetoric to "go back to where you come
from!" does not work so well in Tucson since a lot of people are exactly
where they came from and do not have any place to go back to. The
United States purchased southern Arizona and the southwest of New Mexico
from Mexico with the Gadsden Purchase or the "Venta de La Mesilla" and
this was ratified in 1854.<br />
<b>Karlin:</b> One of the politicians opposing the
curriculum was very upset that there was a poster indicating that
Benjamin Franklin was a bit bigoted – and called the assertion
Un-American. Are these people so clueless that they don't realize
slavery was allowed under the original Constitution, that blacks were
considered 3/5's of a person, and that many of the founders of the US
including George Washington owned slaves?<br />
<b>McGinnis:</b> Our founding fathers have been deified in
some circles and it is popular to reinvision our complicated history. My
son was a senior at Tucson High School last year and was taught in his
Advance Placement (AP) American History class that our founding fathers
were opposed to slavery.<br />
The students in the Mexican-American studies program are taught to
look at our history as being complex. As Sean Arce, the former Director
of Mexican-American studies says, "It's not a disregard of those
founding fathers, but we try to encourage in our students, and
facilitate a process to examine our history for what it is. We need to
have real courage to look at the good and the bad with our own history."<br />
<b>Karlin:</b> Let's return to the educational oppression
issue. Isn't one by- product of the ban on the Mexican-American
curriculum basically the white power structure hoping that the
Mexican-American students don't succeed educationally because that will
delay them assuming more power in the state?<br />
<b>McGinnis:</b> It is interesting because the politicians
often commented on how the students were being taught excellent
leadership skills and I could tell the politicians admired that.
One-on-one they liked the students and their skills, would smile and cut
up with them, and then 30 minutes later would vote to shut the program
down. It was clear that no amount of dialogue or negotiating would
change their mind. The decision to shut the program down seems to have
been made prior to all the numerous testimonials and evidence in favor
of the program and makes one wonder how and where these decisions were
made and also by whom. Audiences often ask, "Who is really behind this
and how can we follow the money?"<br />
<b>Karlin:</b> Describe some of the direct action, the participatory democracy that the students participated in to save the curriculum?<br />
<b>McGinnis:</b> The students did hundreds of actions to
save their beloved classes. The direct action grew due to their absolute
frustration with the system and from not being listened to at all.
These are committed students who did a ceremonial run from Tucson to
Phoenix in the summer time. Phoenix is 121 miles away from Tucson and it
was very hot and dangerous to do this run in the Sonoran desert. It was
a grand gesture to show how much they love their classes and will go
down as an important part of our collective civil rights history. More
examples of direct action included, sit-ins, blockades, walkouts, civil
disobedience, and countless other actions. Keep in mind, this battle has
been going on for years and continues only because of the work of the
students.<br />
Plans are simmering for a "Freedom Summer" to take place in Tucson
with organizers and activists busing in from all over the country to
work together with activists in Tucson. They will use Freirian
techniques and learn from each other. There will be many goals, but some
will include intense voter registration, a keen focus on our upcoming
school board election, and to really educate voters about issues that
deeply affect our community. Each year 500,000 more Latinos will turn 18
and be able to vote for the first time and this trend will continue for
the next 20 years.<br />
<b>Karlin:</b> What a delightful, inspiring group of
dedicated teachers who taught in this now disbanded program. How were
they recruited? Their heads and their hearts were in the program.<br />
<b>McGinnis:</b> Mr. Arce started recruiting for the
program many years ago by sharing ideas with a group of curious teachers
about this innovative curriculum. It was in the Tucson High School
library at 7:00am and they shared coffee and their frustration about the
achievement gap. Their critically compassionate curriculum was
developed by a dynamic group that included high school teachers and
academics from the University of Arizona. This curriculum continued to
evolve over many years and was shared in the summer during the once
annual Institute for Transformative Education, where the teachers
continued to learn from academics outside of our community.<br />
<b>Karlin:</b> And the head of the program was fired a short time ago. Truthout reposted an interview with <a href="http://truth-out.org/news/item/8999-tucsons-ousted-mexican-american-studies-director-speaks-the-fights-not-over" target="_blank">Sean Arce</a> not too long ago, and he said the "fight is not over." What are he and the teachers doing to try and reverse this injustice?<br />
<b>McGinnis:</b> The fate of the program is now in the
hands of Tucson based lawyer Mr. Richard Martinez and we are all waiting
to hear from a federal judge, who is expected to make a summary
judgment about the constitutionality of the law that dismantled the
program. It is a dramatic legal battle that could potentially go all the
way to the Supreme Court. The teachers and Mr. Arce are doing
everything they can to help Mr. Martinez with this lawsuit by spreading
awareness and letting others know how they can help. Potentially the
federal government could step in and the classes will be reinstated.<br />
Today is the last day of school for students in the Tucson Unified
School District and this has been a very tough spring semester for the
teachers and also the students currently enrolled in the
Mexican-American studies program since the classes were shut down in
January 2012.<br />
Mr. Acosta, in addition to being a high school teacher, is also
working on his Ph.D and Mr. Gonzalez has aspirations to earn his Ph.D.
As you can see in the film, the teachers have a lot of energy. I have
hope that the classes will be resurrected.<br />
<b>Karlin:</b> In my own eyes, your film was symbolic of
the current clash in the United States as whites slowly slip into being a
minority of the American population. This has already occurred in some
states, including our largest: California. Was the suppression of the
Mexican-American studies program part of a rear guard effort to try to
ensure the white power structure, a companion to the draconian Arizona
anti-immigration bill and other such initiatives in the state?<br />
<b>McGinnis:</b> Yes, there is a culture clash in the state
of Arizona and beyond. However, it is a false and dehumanizing attack
against immigrants. My father is an immigrant from Mexico and I prefer
to keep my focus on the beautiful and positive things that immigrants
bring to our country.<br />
Fear is a powerful emotion and this fear can mislead and encourage
people to vote for a power structure that keeps the status quo and
continues to exploit immigrants and others while keeping profits high
for those in power.<br />
<b>Karlin:</b> Finally, you've been screening "Precious Knowledge" around the nation. What has the reaction been?<br />
<b>McGinnis:</b> The screenings have been incredible and
good for the soul. I travel with the stars of the film, the teachers,
and the students. When the audience sees one of the teachers or students
in the film, there is such an incredible wave of love, pride, and
emotion. I have enjoyed absolutely every location and have met some of
the most dynamic educators and students of our time. Since we are buried
under a cloud of bad news and decision-making in Tucson, it is
wonderful to see such passion for progressive education on college
campuses. There is a lot of frustration with standardized testing and a
one size fits all model for our education system and an incredible
hunger for social justice and ethnic studies curriculums. Since I am on
the road a lot I know this hunger is very real. The sheer numbers of
students and teachers with a desire to make change makes this
transformative movement within reach. It is an exciting time to be on
college campuses because the students have the power and the numbers to
create this change.<br />
Some screenings that stand out include the University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee, which was organized by a filmmaking friend of mine.
Dream Act students, playback theater actors, and artists were all
inspired to go on creating and organizing by the "Precious Knowledge"
film. Students from Michigan State University took it upon themselves to
create a Wiki page for our film! Smith University in Massachusettes was
incredible. Some universities are very strict about keeping the aisles
and walkways clear since most screenings are really packed. At Smith,
there were people crammed in the aisles, standing in the back, shouting
to the screen, laughing, and crying. The film provides a roller coaster
of emotions for an audience. We had a surprise when an alum of the
Mexican-American studies program was in the Smith audience and she was
surprised to see herself in the film.<br />
Napa had over 500 in the audience and it was a historic event in
their community. People of all ages showed up, from little ones to
grandmothers. I also loved Athens, Georgia since they did a
pre-screening collective cheer and dance. A young musician in Madison,
Wisconsin wrote and performed a song inspired by the film. San Diego,
which is my hometown, has gone above and beyond the call of duty,
hosting countless screenings and being very supportive of the movement
in Tucson. The "Precious Knowledge" film inspires audiences to help the
students and teachers in Tucson, Arizona and to create positive and
progressive change in their own communities.<br />
<i>Truthout is one of the few outlets from which you can obtain a
copy of "Precious Knowledge: Arizona's Battle Over Ethnic Studies. <a href="https://members.truth-out.org/bgift83-gift/choose-type-donation" target="_blank">Click here to get your copy now.</a></i><br />
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This article may not be republished without permission from Truthout. </span><a class="at_item athov" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7085426077148803699" id="ati_email" tabindex="84"></a>
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<h2>
<a href="http://truth-out.org/author/itemlist/user/45664">Mark Karlin</a></h2>
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Mark Karlin is the editor of BuzzFlash at Truthout. He served as
editor and publisher of BuzzFlash for ten years before joining Truthout
in 2010. BuzzFlash has won four Project Censored Awards.</div>
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Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-81391237177431966082011-10-03T12:29:00.000-07:002011-10-03T12:29:44.850-07:00A gender divided<a href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/13173/a-gender-divided">A gender divided</a>Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-44205216024990868162011-06-10T14:07:00.000-07:002011-06-10T14:18:44.434-07:00Rizal's Philippines Within a Century and The Indolence of the FilipinoAbstract<br /><br /> A paper to be presented at the International Conference on the 150the Anniversary of Rizal's birthday to be held June22-24 at the Asian Center University of the Philippines Diliman, it focuses on the 21st century relevance of the abovementioned essays.<br /> Interpreted along the post-modernist concept of indeterminacy, it shows how Rizal's 19th century ideas may well be 21st' too.Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-8230969134913815542010-01-13T12:52:00.000-08:002010-01-13T13:03:49.630-08:00tips for article/book reviewsTIPS FOR A GOOD BOOK/ARTICLE REVIEW(for History subjects)<br />A review is premised on the following assumptions:<br />1. The reviewer is disinterested. i.e. the purpose is to give an unbiased evaluation of the work in question.<br />2. The reviewer has sufficient background knowledge of the topic being reviewed.<br />3. The reviewer is motivated by helping other readers to make a fair assesment of the work at the same time to inform the author of his reader's opinions and hopefully be guided by this in his future revisions.<br /><br />The review proper is divided into three:<br />1. the background of the author-his training,persuasion,his sector including a little listing of his other works.<br />2. the work itself.<br /> a. its purpose-to whom is it intended? for specialists? scholars/ general public?<br /> b. content-its arguments<br /> c. sources used- credible/ reliable?Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-12170434459102674702009-10-31T14:29:00.000-07:002009-10-31T14:35:46.584-07:00notes for paper on mandarayuhan(migrant setters)1.Introduction-delineate the area of central mindanao<br />2.overview ng kabuhayan ng mindanao.<br />3.pre-colonial economy<br />4.colonial economy<br />5.the commonwealth<br />6.the republic of the philippines<br />7.marcos era<br />8.Aquino,Ramos,Estrada,Arroyo<br />9.present-issue- is there internal colonialism in mindanao?Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-53262597253139673452009-09-07T01:29:00.000-07:002018-06-22T23:13:05.045-07:00The Islamic City of Marawi- Grappling with Sanctitiy in the Midst of TemporalityThis paper would focus on the contemporaneity of Islamism in one of the cities in southern Philippines on the discourse of cultural heterogeneity or multiculturalism in an age of globalization. This would proceed from a narrative on how Marawi City acquired its title `Islamic City'; the context from which the title is supposed to be interpreted and the socio-political-economic realities such an identity has to grapple with. Within this historical framework, `sacredness' or sanctity is meant the involvement of religious authorities- the imams, the Islamic strictures that they impose and compliance of the Moslem adherents.<br />
Based on data gathered through testimonies of selected residents, transients and former residents of Marawi City, both written (documentary) and oral (interviews), and within limits provided by time and resourcess, this author would attempt to answere the following questions;<br />
1)How do Maranaos (native residents) of Marawi perceive their city as `Islamic'? 2)What practices support this perceived sacredness or their city? And 3)How do they respond to the challenges of multiculturalism and economic growth in this age of globalization?Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-71184856536077127872009-06-26T19:49:00.000-07:002009-06-26T20:10:46.832-07:00SYLLABUS FOR HISTORY 223COURSE TITLE: PHILIPPINES DURING THE 19th CENTURY<br />COURSE DESCRIPTION:History of the Philippines during the 19th century. Focus on international events impinging on the country's domestic affairs, particularly Spain's political and economic problems resulting to its inevitable collapse.<br />COURSE REQUIREMENTS<br /> 2 oral reports....................20<br /> 1 research paper..............40<br /> Final exam.......................40<br /> ____<br /> 100%<br />COURSE OUTLINE<br />1.Overview of events during the 17th to 18th centuries<br />2.Spanish Institutions already established during the 19th century<br /> * a. Centralized government<br /> * b. Civil & ecclesiastical bureaucracy in local governance<br /> * c. Monastic supremacy in church & state<br /> * d. Elitist education<br /> * e. International trade and the incipient capitalist economy<br /> * f. Hispanic culture and the arts<br />3. Birth of Filipino nationalism<br /> * a. The Reform movement<br /> * b. The Philippine Revolution<br />4. *Nativism and Muslim uprising<br />5. *Foreign incursions into the archipelago-the coming of the American invaders<br />_______<br />*Assigned for reporting<br />SCHEDULE OF MEETINGS:<br /> JUNE 25- FIRST MEETING/ORIENTATION<br /> JULY 1-29 RECESS FOR RESEARCH OF FIRST REPORT<br /> AUGUST 5-12 FIRST REPORT<br /> AUG 19-SEPT 23 RECESS FOR RESEARCH PAPER (SECOND REPORT)<br /> SEPT 26-OCT 7 SECOND REPORT<br /> OCTOBER -SUBMISSION OF RESEARCH PAPER/FINAL EXAM<br />REFERENCES:<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Kasaysayan History of the Filipino People</span> vols. 3&4<br />Blair and Robertson, <span style="font-style: italic;">The Philippine Islands</span><br />Zaide,<span style="font-style: italic;">Documentary History of the Philippines</span><br />Arcilla,<span style="font-style: italic;">The Jesuit Letters</span><br />n.b. As primary sources serve as the only accepted references for the reports/research paper, sources other than the above should bear the approval of the undersigned.<br /><br /> Prepared by:<br /> FAINA C. ABAYA-ULINDANG,Ph.D<br /> Professor of History<br /> For: MA History Students<br /> 1st sem, 2009-2010Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-1454903576019910222009-06-02T01:47:00.000-07:002009-06-02T02:22:40.707-07:00MA & Ph.D PHILIPPINE STUDIES<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Philippine Studies Curriculum Leading to the Degree of Doctor in Philosophy </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">in Philippine Studies major in Society and Culture<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span> FIRST SEMESTER <br /></div>First Semester<br />PS 301 CORE/FOUNDATION 3<br />PS 302 CORE/FOUNDATION 3<br />PS 340 REQUIRED MAJOR 3<br />PS MAJOR 3<br /> ______<br /> 12 UNITS<br /><br />Second Semester<br />PS 303 CORE/FOUNDATION 3<br />PS COGNATE 3<br />PS COGNATE 3<br /> _______<br /> 9 UNITS<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>SECOND YEAR<br />First Semester<br />PS COGNATE 3<br />PS MAJOR 3<br />PS MAJOR 3<br />Foreign language (non-credit)<br /> _______<br /> 9 UNITS<br />Second Semester<br />PS400 Dissertation 12<br /> _______<br /> 12 UNITS<br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">SUMMARY</span><br /><br />Core Courses.................9<br />Major Courses..............12<br />Cognate Courses...........9<br />Dissertation..................12<br /> _____<br /> Total 42 units<br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;">As approved by the BOR in its Resolution 62 s.1999 (14 June 1999) <br /></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div></div>Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-931580511046354202009-05-18T22:06:00.000-07:002009-05-18T22:11:55.211-07:00Phil. Studies Programs-M.A and Ph.D. ; MA HistoryA Bulletin of Information regarding the graduate courses handled by Dr. Faina A. Ulindang will be posted on this blog. For your queries please e-mail fca_ulindang@yahoo.comDr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-59952469362069518972009-03-10T07:18:00.000-07:002009-06-02T03:42:32.038-07:00TIMOGA OUTING FOR HISTORY MAJORS<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSGwj_Mz9IuRz8T9p_j6vBDILVcLSj0VO5USoh68ae-XnvXXYu8xPruSpumbLg2EfzD0nZn9oUTGo9gk5yS7h28DTdKszQJrpPDGY-2DX_G3eY0JqgUNjWyzrcnDGSh5iAblBXk8ZZLmWn/s1600-h/100_3610.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSGwj_Mz9IuRz8T9p_j6vBDILVcLSj0VO5USoh68ae-XnvXXYu8xPruSpumbLg2EfzD0nZn9oUTGo9gk5yS7h28DTdKszQJrpPDGY-2DX_G3eY0JqgUNjWyzrcnDGSh5iAblBXk8ZZLmWn/s320/100_3610.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5311583066920634514" border="0" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYlHbcSv626FzARahtPEjsE478oylXiZUyLVHTZKj450AitnYyBGwehTIiwaV3hsyBJcwvo7bDyYklCUHbWvHti7eywPSA1eoG8khES4RlYdfnO0ffYUC3gCua4MeV3e_GlPkU-7PDCE99/s1600-h/100_3609.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; 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float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ2IwQOdWWM_s2lw8esh8p5v701Eu-ChtiM5MHkWI7LatmLL0ozP5uwdn89-4kDsAmsq-eJ2G77kwOWc8wbDFaz0gBTJqM4tYi5HKGJcwwHVcjK6UHkOqvzlp_j2NsBCmSW_8WhrtBa8tN/s320/100_3587.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5311565191730017474" border="0" /></a></div>Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-57269416284552401222009-03-02T15:15:00.000-08:002009-03-04T04:25:40.742-08:00Central Mindanao Adventure<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0FUZRx8Pwc_g4E7UhgbslAQmOQm7sfgGXpV-q_CjaNApyvL999Vb_OIyOidGHWCYZUVfhNEYAvFlSe_9sEOFkzX5j_Dtg9QDfPGHmeyxV6bWCSEw0_tVJukYr0VaHbmQyF_hThZmCOEwO/s1600-h/100_3533.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0FUZRx8Pwc_g4E7UhgbslAQmOQm7sfgGXpV-q_CjaNApyvL999Vb_OIyOidGHWCYZUVfhNEYAvFlSe_9sEOFkzX5j_Dtg9QDfPGHmeyxV6bWCSEw0_tVJukYr0VaHbmQyF_hThZmCOEwO/s320/100_3533.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5309307583616137986" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIuF-tzdJ53NyTJKC268deX3_vDCNAP1KMMOwVuh3PS1Rf8YLVuD7fHO3F8O_6FGz1Bx-koX4RJyESrg2HJHlJSsDSPPRlCPvrIjBOcUojs5bOVt5LdqjSyfIL_b87_QLvPtTDWh1JAJcA/s1600-h/100_3532.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; 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float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 240px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhM_EwRiUZ-WMNLwwvvBRnOZA4rFo-dUhVHyQtfmqVa7tYfzeYTBzP8d8gc8ELLtcgMMvI_Ud8m_V0VdTvN4hAvl0wyqrb24pa5L-LUbpfK0hJJWaNQzPhVW7vPYdXniusB3C3ewRLhtoF/s320/100_3470.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5308737586396732818" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghVjxTf2CMcFKGrH2-U4bVNBhvVxVxlMfPHqVY3TaYi7cTL163O6wT2BzZ4e5QrQUmiE4PTL-KO8bKXjLcc3CU9_XbPCQf2ivb6Z3QYiOSGmGzk29_flUfuWLBlcsib-iuS0c-l5KPcM9J/s1600-h/100_3469.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghVjxTf2CMcFKGrH2-U4bVNBhvVxVxlMfPHqVY3TaYi7cTL163O6wT2BzZ4e5QrQUmiE4PTL-KO8bKXjLcc3CU9_XbPCQf2ivb6Z3QYiOSGmGzk29_flUfuWLBlcsib-iuS0c-l5KPcM9J/s320/100_3469.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5308737584615615954" border="0" /></a><br /><img src="file:///D:/Documents%20and%20Settings/All%20Users/Documents/My%20Pictures/Kodak%20Pictures/3-3-2009/100_3488.jpg" alt="" />Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-8699600378109283552008-11-05T17:00:00.000-08:002008-11-05T17:21:16.665-08:00Ransoming Slaves and Current Terrorisms-Resonances of the Hispanic Past in Mindanao and Sulu<div align="center">by Faina C. Abaya-Ulindang, Ph.D</div><div align="center">Abstract</div><div align="justify"> Historical encounters between the Muslims and the Roman Catholics in the islands of Mindanao and Sulu proceeds from a relation of mutual antipathy that was characteristics of religious fanaticism. Thus, violence and hatred although intermittent became the dominant theme of Muslims and Catholic relations during the three hundred thrity five years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. What was unique in these encounters, however, was the overweening racial prejudice of the arrogant conquistador to the native whose conversion became his ultimate obsession.</div><div align="justify"> It has been said that wherever the "cross goes there follows the sword". This paper narrates a history of failed Spanish moro conversion by citing cultural and historical bases of their hostile relations focusing not so much on the religious efforts but on the failure of the Spanish civlian government to implant its political institutions into Mindanao.</div><div align="justify"> By comparing civilizational influences on the Moro and Filipino native at present, this paper intends to see how closely they both resemble the past Moro-Christian Catholic relations during the Spanish period. Citing contemporary issues such as kidnapping, the author interrogates history thus-are these not mere reminiscent of slave-catching, which were retaliatory of the Spanish agressive conversions? If so, where and when and under what circumstances?</div><div align="justify"> While the author does not aim to enlighten nor proseletize, she does however believe in seeing the light at the end of the tunnel through documentary research, especially utilizing the several volumes of Jesuit letters and correspondences between the moro nobilities and the conquistadores compiled by the Mindanao Studies Program/Center (now defunct)of the CIDS, UP Diliman and the Mindanao Studies Resource Collection in Mindanao State University, Marawi City. For contemporary sources, interviews and newspapers and other sources will be utilized.</div>Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-16797216527927392212008-11-05T16:18:00.000-08:002008-11-05T16:53:33.416-08:00American Homesteading as Culture Construct In Southern Philippines: The Saga of the Filipino Pioneers in Mindanao,Philippines<div align="center">by Faina C. Abaya-Ulindang,Ph.D</div><div align="center"> </div><div align="center">ABSTRACT</div><div align="justify"> Focusing on the period 1913-1957, the author traces how the present Filipino migrants into Mindanao developed a unique response to a combination of socio-political-economic problems that inhere in frontierland development.</div><div align="justify"> Originating as far back as 1913 when the American colonizers opened north central Cotabato as agricultural settlements, Filipino settlers had been oriented to the Pioneer American Dream of a "self-sufficient owner-cultivator" and encouraged to "make do" despite all the odds. Such idea or culture construct became the pattern from which subsequent resettlement projects developed-first, under the Commonwealth, then, under the Philippine Republic under President Magsaysay (1954-1957). The author posits that while the Filipino tried to fit himself into the pattern, the material conditions had never been consistently satisfactory.</div><div align="justify"> As resettlement persisted as a government measure to solve its agrarian problem, the migrants from Luzon and Visayas learned to adjust to their changed condition. These set of adjustments are thus termed by the author as "pioneering complex'. Homesteading as dictated and supported by the Americans demanded that the settler must have the pioneering virtues of industriousness and resourcefulness, among others. Except in Christian dominated areas, the settler had always been a stranger in the island of Mindanao.</div><div align="justify"> This study thus, will look into the varied responses of the homesteaders in Cotabato and Lanao, during the core period (1913-1957) utilizing documentary as well as oral history for sources. Pioneering complex as defined by the author means the set of physical and non-physical manifestations, from political to religious symptomatic of their response to a host of problems in pioneering. Such would be the Filipino settler's answer to the culture of (American )homesteading.</div>Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-7207276325905967952008-10-23T05:59:00.000-07:002008-10-23T06:06:12.326-07:00MA History Updatesattn:<br />Master of Arts in History major in Mindanao Studies program is accepting applicants for the second semester 2008-2009.<br /><br />Admission Exam: october 24,2008<br />Venue: Graduate School, Mindanao State University, Marawi City<br />pls. bring the following;<br />1.Transcript of records<br />2.two recommendations from former instructors<br />3. examination fee of php300.oo<br />4.an accomplished application form<br />5.big brown envelopeDr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-19601193748961417662008-10-04T12:20:00.000-07:002008-10-04T12:35:42.701-07:00Repositioning 2This paper attempts to answer what has developed over the years in the family sector that needed an investigation regarding the lifestyle and the consequent transition values it created on Filipino families whose work locates them outside of the country or demands multiple extra jobs for greater gains.<br />This apparent race for affluence by the worker's family ramifies into complex, intense pressures on relationships that spawned transition values in the new generation of Filipinos. What were these? What changes occurred in the Filipino psyche that are now evident as part of the social malaise the country has to address with?Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7085426077148803699.post-8803578322197911772008-10-03T13:20:00.000-07:002008-10-03T13:50:52.130-07:00Affluence vs, Discord, Repositioning Family Values-Challenge for the 21st Filipino Family<div align="center">ABSTRACT</div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> Discord has brought upon the migrant workers a dilemma whether to remain in the country of their origin and remain poor, or work outside of the country yet frought with stupendous emotional, social and psychological problems. The Filipino however, has learned ways to cope, thanks to improvements in transportation and communications media. Fact is, several sectors in the Philippine society consider this a non-issue. The Philippines belong to the Third World. The affluence gained by working abroad not only benefits the immediate family but also the entire country as well. Even the workers themselves have earned the title "hero'" for saving the country of its dismal economic situation.</div><div align="justify"> This paper is not a commentary on the heroism of the migrant worker. Nor it is exclusively about the migrant worker's social situation. This is about the present Filipino family, inside and outside of the country, how they grapple with present realities- the pressure to come up with added income to live a life of economic security and affluence, what they sacrifice and the implications engendered on the history of social well-being and harmony in the country. This is an attempt to create a social history during the time of globalization in a country that is predominantly Christian which places a premium on values rather than materialistic acquisition. Thus, presentation will focus on the impact on transition values of present day youth as a result of this phenomenon.</div><div align="justify"> Research using both oral and written histories will guide this writer's aim to input a documented, descriptive and comparative, in terms of time frame, history of the Filipino family towards profiling the Asian of the present generation.</div>Dr. Faina Ulindanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13842768275165643456noreply@blogger.com0